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Biomedical subjects

H R Cross

Publications and source records attributed to H R Cross.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Trimetazidine for stable angina pectoris.

Stable angina pectoris, a symptom of coronary heart disease (CHD), manifests as stress-induced ischaemic episodes resulting in severe chest pain. Therapeutic aims are to improve quality of life by decreasing anginal attacks and to prevent myocardial infarction (MI) and death. Current anginal medications include beta-blockers and calcium antagonists, which decrease ischaemic severity by reducing cardiac workload, and nitrates, which increase coronary blood flow. A new therapeutic approach is the use of metabolic agents, such as trimetazidine, which are cytoprotective during ischaemia. Results of several clinical trials demonstrated that trimetazidine, at the standard dose of 20 mg t.i.d., increased exercise capacity, decreased anginal incidence and decreased left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction compared to placebo. Trimetazidine was also as effective as propranolol (120 - 160 mg/day) and nifedipine (40 mg/day) in decreasing anginal episodes and improving exercise parameters. Trimetazidine improved anginal frequency and symptoms in patients in which treatment with diltiazem, nifedipine, propranolol, pindolol, oxprenolol or long-acting nitrates had failed. Trimetazidine was also more effective than isosorbide dinitrate (30 mg/day) as an adjunct to propranolol. Despite efficacy being equivalent to that of beta-blockers and calcium antagonists, trimetazidine does not depress cardiac function and, correspondingly, is not contraindicated in any condition. Adverse effects of trimetazidine are mild and infrequent. In summary, clinical data indicate that trimetazidine is a safe, effective treatment for the symptoms of stable angina pectoris when used either as a monotherapy or an adjunctive therapy. Longer-term trials are necessary to determine whether trimetazidine will be effective in reducing rates of mortality and MI.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

Using live estimates and ultrasound measurements to predict beef carcass cutability.

Commercial slaughter steers (n = 329) and heifers (n = 335) were selected to vary in frame size, muscle score, and carcass fat thickness to study the effectiveness of live evaluation and ultrasound as predictors of carcass composition. Three trained personnel evaluated cattle for frame size, muscle score, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and USDA quality and yield grade. Live and carcass real-time ultrasound measures for 12th-rib fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were taken on a subset of the cattle. At the time of slaughter, carcass ultrasound measures were taken at "chain speed." After USDA grade data were collected, one side of each carcass was fabricated into boneless primals/subprimals and trimmed to .64 cm of external fat. Simple correlation coefficients showed a moderately high positive relationship between 12th rib fat thickness and fat thickness measures obtained from live estimates (r = .70), live ultrasound (r = .81), and carcass ultrasound (r = .73). The association between estimates of longissimus muscle area and carcass longissimus muscle area were significant (P < .001) and were higher for live evaluation (r = .71) than for the ultrasonic measures (live ultrasound, r = .61; carcass ultrasound, r = .55). Three-variable regression equations, developed from the live ultrasound measures, explained 57% of the variation in percentage yield of boneless subprimals, followed by live estimates (R2 = .49) and carcass ultrasound (R2 = .31). Four-variable equations using frame size, muscle score, and selected fat thickness and weight measures explained from 43% to 66% of the variation for the percentage yield of boneless subprimals trimmed to .64 cm. Live ultrasound and(or) live estimates are viable options for assessing carcass composition before slaughter.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Overexpression of the cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 (betaARK1) inhibitor both increase myocardial contractility but have differential effects on susceptibility to ischemic injury.

Cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) overexpression is a potential contractile therapy for heart failure. Cardiac contractility was elevated in mice overexpressing beta(2)ARs (TG4s) with no adverse effects under normal conditions. To assess the consequences of beta(2)AR overexpression during ischemia, perfused hearts from TG4 and wild-type mice were subjected to 20-minute ischemia and 40-minute reperfusion. During ischemia, ATP and pH fell lower in TG4 hearts than wild type. Ischemic injury was greater in TG4 hearts, as indicated by lower postischemic recoveries of contractile function, ATP, and phosphocreatine. Because beta(2)ARs, unlike beta(1)ARs, couple to G(i) as well as G(s), we pretreated mice with the G(i) inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX). PTX treatment increased basal contractility in TG4 hearts and abolished the contractile resistance to isoproterenol. During ischemia, ATP fell lower in TG4+PTX than in TG4 hearts. Recoveries of contractile function and ATP were lower in TG4+PTX than in TG4 hearts. We also studied mice that overexpressed either betaARK1 (TGbetaARK1) or a betaARK1 inhibitor (TGbetaARKct). Recoveries of function, ATP, and phosphocreatine were higher in TGbetaARK1 hearts than in wild-type hearts. Despite basal contractility being elevated in TGbetaARKct hearts to the same level as that of TG4s, ischemic injury was not increased. In summary, beta(2)AR overexpression increased ischemic injury, whereas betaARK1 overexpression was protective. Ischemic injury in the beta(2)AR overexpressors was exacerbated by PTX treatment, implying that it was G(s) not G(i) activity that enhanced injury. Unlike beta(2)AR overexpression, basal contractility was increased by betaARK1 inhibitor expression without increasing ischemic injury, thus implicating a safer potential therapy for heart failure.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1999

Predicting carcass composition of beef cattle using ultrasound technology.

We evaluated 20 slaughtered cattle with ultrasound before hide removal to predict fat thickness and ribeye area at the 12th rib for possible use in carcass composition prediction. Carcasses were fabricated into boneless subprimals that were trimmed progressively from 2.54 to 1.27 to .64 cm maximum fat trim levels. Stepwise regression was used to indicate the relative importance of variables in a model designed to estimate the percentage of boneless subprimals from the carcass at different external fat trim levels. Variables included those obtained on the slaughter floor (ultrasound fat thickness and ribeye area; estimated percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart [KPH] fat; and warm carcass weight) and those obtained from carcasses following 24 h in the chill cooler (actual fat thickness, actual ribeye area, estimated percentage of KPH fat, warm carcass weight, and marbling score). At all different subprimal trim levels, percentage KPH was the first variable to enter the model. In the models using measures taken on the slaughter floor, ultrasound fat thickness was the only other variable to enter the model. Ultrasound fat thickness increased R2 and decreased residual standard deviation (RSD) in models predicting subprimals at 2.54-cm maximum fat trim; however, at 1.27- and .64-cm trim levels, R2 and RSD increased. Models using the same two variables (except actual fat instead of ultrasound) in the cooler were similar to those using data from the slaughter floor. However, as more cooler measurement variables entered the models, R2 increased and RSD decreased, explaining a greater amount of the variation in the equation. Ultrasonic evaluation on the slaughter floor may be of limited application compared with the greater accuracy found in chilled carcass assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Starvation depresses acylglycerol biosynthesis in bovine subcutaneous but not intramuscular adipose tissue homogenates.

The primary objective of this study was to document the effects of starvation on acylglycerol biosynthesis in homogenates of intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Adipose tissue samples were obtained from 8th-13th thoracic rib sections from 12 Angus cattle (six steers plus six heifers). Three steers and three heifers were starved for 72 h prior to slaughter while the remainder were slaughtered 4 h after food was withheld. Fat-free 700 x g centrifugal fractions were used to measure the esterification of radiolabeled sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (G-3-P) into acylglycerols at 1.0 mM palmitic or stearic acid, or 0.2 mM oleic, linoleic, or alpha-linolenic acid. There were significant tissue x fatty acid interactions for rates of incorporation into diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols; in subcutaneous, but not intramuscular homogenates, palmitic > stearic = oleic = linoleic = alpha-linolenic acid. Subcutaneous homogenates incorporated a greater percentage of G-3-P into triacylglycerols, and a lesser percentage into phospholipid, than intramuscular homogenates (P < 0.05). In intramuscular homogenates, the primary product of G-3-P esterification to saturated fatty acids was phospholipids. When unsaturated fatty acid served as substrates, triacylglycerols and phospholipids were produced in equal proportions in intramuscular homogenates, and triacylglycerols were the predominant product in subcutaneous homogenates. Intramuscular adipose tissue homogenates exhibited no response to starvation, whereas triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol synthesis was depressed by approximately 50% in subcutaneous adipose tissue homogenates. Similarly, phosphatidic phosphohydrolase activity, initially greater in subcutaneous than in intramuscular adipose tissue, was decreased by approximately 50% by starvation in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but not in intramuscular adipose tissue. We conclude that differences in rates of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis, and response to starvation, between intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues were due to dissimilarities in the activity of phosphatidic phosphohydrolase.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Decreased intracellular pH is not due to increased H+ extrusion in preconditioned rat hearts.

Ischemic preconditioning reduces intracellular acidification during a subsequent, prolonged period of ischemia. This may reflect decreased anaerobic glycolysis or increased H+ efflux. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we monitored intracellular and extracellular pH during a sustained period of ischemia to determine whether the preconditioned hearts had increased H+ efflux compared with nonpreconditioned hearts. At the end of 20 min of ischemia, intracellular pH in nonpreconditioned hearts was 5.90 +/- 0.08 and extracellular pH was 5.51 +/- 0.21, whereas in preconditioned hearts, intracellular pH was 6.50 +/- 0.06 and extracellular pH was 6.62 +/- 0.06. To investigate whether an Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor would alter the reduced acidification during ischemia, we preconditioned hearts with and without dimethylamiloride (DMA). Intracellular pH during ischemia was similar in preconditioned hearts with and without DMA treatment (pH 6.42 +/- 0.02 vs. 6.45 +/- 0.03, respectively). These data do not support the hypothesis that enhanced proton efflux is responsible for the more alkaline intracellular pH during sustained ischemia in preconditioned hearts.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1997

Consumer evaluation of beef of known categories of tenderness.

A study was conducted to determine consumer perceptions of beef top loin steaks of known shear force and to evaluate how buying trends were modified by the tenderness and price variations of these steaks. Strip loins were cut into a 2.54-cm-thick steaks, and the center steak from each strip loin was used to determine Warner-Bratzler shear force. The remaining steaks were placed into one of the following shear force categories based on that shear force and color-coded accordingly: 1) 2.27 to 3.58 kg (Red); 2) 4.08 to 5.40 kg (White); and 3) 5.90 to 7.21 kg (Blue). Randomly recruited consumers were allowed to evaluate steaks and then purchase steaks based on their findings. A $1.10/kg price difference was placed between each category. Results of the analysis indicated that consumers were able to differentiate between the three categories of tenderness (P < .05). In addition, consumers gave higher (P < .05) juiciness and flavor ratings to Red steaks than to Blue steaks. Overall satisfaction was higher (P < .05) for Red steaks than for the other two categories of steaks. The following percentages of steaks were purchased: 1) Red, 94.6%; 2) White, 3.6%; and 3) Blue, 1.8%. These results suggest that consumers could discern between categories of tenderness and were willing to pay a premium for improved tenderness.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The beta/alpha peak height ratio of ATP. A measure of free [Mg2+] using 31P NMR.

From 31P NMR measurements made in vitro at 38 degrees C, I = 0.25, pH 5. 75-8.5, and calculated free [Mg2+] from 0 to 5 mM, we show that, within the physiological range of cytosolic free [Mg2+] from 0.25 to 1.5 mM, the chemical shift difference between the alpha- and beta-ATP resonances, deltaalphabeta, changes by only 0.6 ppm. Consequently, we developed new formalisms from known acid and Mg2+ dissociation constants by which the observed chemical shift of Pi, deltaPi, and the peak height ratio of the beta- and alpha-ATP resonances, hbeta/alpha, could be related to free [Mg2+] by simultaneous solution of: [equation: see text] We found that hbeta/alpha changed 2.5-fold as free [Mg2+] varied from 0.25 to 1.5 mM, providing a more sensitive and accurate measure of free cytosolic [Mg2+]. In working rat heart perfused with glucose, free [Mg2+] was 1.0 +/- 0.1 from hbeta/alpha and 1.2 +/- 0.03 from measured [citrate]/[isocitrate] but 0.51 +/- 0.1 from deltaalphabeta. Addition of ketone bodies to the perfusate decreased free [Mg2+] estimated from hbeta/alpha to 0.61 +/- 0.02 and 0.74 +/- 0.11 by [citrate]/[isocitrate] but the estimate from deltaalphabeta was unchanged at 0.46 +/- 0.04 mM. Such differences in estimated free [Mg2+] alter the apparent Keq of the creatine kinase reaction and hence the estimated cytosolic free [SigmaADP].

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1996

A diet containing myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids elevates plasma cholesterol in young growing swine.

The objective of this study was to test the effect of a novel fatty acid mixture, enriched with myristoleic and palmitoleic acids, on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Weanling pigs were assigned to one of six groups and each group received a diet differing in fatty acid composition. Diets were fed for 35 days and contained 10 g added cornstarch/100 g (to provide baseline data) or 10 g added fatty acids/100 g. For those diets containing added fatty acids, extracted lipids contained 36% myristoleic plus palmitoleic acid combined (14:1/16:1 diet), 52% palmitic acid (16:0 diet), 51% stearic acid (18:0 diet), 47% oleic acid (18:1 diet), or 38% linoleic acid (18:2 diet). With the exception of the cornstarch diet, all diets contained approximately 30% myristic acid. There were no significant differences in weight gain across treatment groups (P = 0.22). All diets caused a significant increase in triglycerides and in total, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The increase in total plasma cholesterol from pretreatment values was greatest in pigs fed the 14:1/16:1 and 18:1 diets. However, the increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol from the pretreatment concentration was greatest in the 14:1/16:1-fed pigs. Increases in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol above pretreatment concentrations were lowest in 16:0-fed pigs and greatest in 18:1-fed pigs. Dietary fatty acids elicited changes in plasma fatty acids which generally were reflective of the diets, although the 18:0 diet did not alter plasma fatty acid concentrations and the 16:0 diet increased plasma 16:0 only at the end of the study. These results demonstrated that the combination of myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids increased plasma cholesterol in young pigs, suggesting that fatty acid chain length, rather than degree of unsaturation, is primarily responsible for the effects of fatty acids on circulating lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Is a high glycogen content beneficial or detrimental to the ischemic rat heart? A controversy resolved.

A high glycogen level may be beneficial to the ischemic heart by providing glycolytic ATP or detrimental by increasing intracellular lactate and protons. To determine the effect of high glycogen on the ischemic myocardium, the glycogen content of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts was either depleted or elevated before 32 minutes of low-flow (0.5 mL/min) ischemia with Krebs-Henseleit buffer with or without 11 mmol/L glucose, followed by 32 minutes of reperfusion with buffer containing 11 mmol/L glucose. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were acquired sequentially throughout. Further experiments involved early reperfusion or the addition of HOE 694, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, during reperfusion. When glucose was supplied throughout ischemia, no ischemic contracture occurred, and postischemic recovery of contractile function was highest, at 88% of preischemic function. In the absence of glucose, normal-glycogen hearts underwent ischemic contracture at 5 minutes, had an end-ischemic pH of 6.87, and recovered to 54%, whereas in high-glycogen hearts, contracture was delayed to 13 minutes, the end-ischemic pH was 6.61, and functional recovery decreased to 13%. Contracture onset coincided with the decrease in glycolysis, which occurred as glycogen became fully depleted. Functional recovery in the high-glycogen hearts increased to 89% when reperfused before contracture and to 56% when reperfused in the presence of HOE 694. Thus, during brief ischemia in the high-glycogen hearts, ischemic glycogen depletion and contracture were avoided, and the hearts were protected from injury. In contrast, during prolonged ischemia in the high-glycogen hearts, glycogen became fully depleted, and myocardial injury occurred; the injury was exacerbated by the lower ischemia pH in these hearts, leading to increased Na+-H+ exchange during reperfusion. The contradictory findings of past studies concerning the effect of high glycogen on the ischemic myocardium may thus be due to differences in the extent of glycogen depletion during ischemia.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1996

Fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue from male calves at different stages of growth.

The objective of this investigation was to compare fatty acid composition of calves from Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows across different stages of growth. Hereford (H) and Brahman (B) embryos were transferred to H or B cows (n = 58) to produce purebred Brahman (BB), purebred Hereford (HH), Hereford x Brahman (HB), and Brahman x Hereford (BH) offspring. Calves were castrated at 2 to 3 wk of age. Before weaning (210 d of age), calves were fed native grasses. After weaning, calves were fed a concentrate diet in dry-lot pens. Adipose tissue was obtained by biopsy at two times: at weaning during forage feeding and 3 mo after weaning when placed on feed. A third sample was collected from the fed steers at slaughter (approximately 430 d of age). Samples obtained by biopsy and after death were collected from the perianal region. Fatty acid composition for each sample was determined as the normalized percentage area means from the duplicate measures. Generally, BB calves grew slowest and BH steers grew fastest (P < .05). The BH steers exhibited 15 and 20% heavier (P < .05) carcasses per day of age than H-sired steers and BB steers, respectively. Adipose tissue samples from calves from Brahman sires or dams were less saturated (P < .05) than samples from calves from Hereford sires or dams. Differences in degree of unsaturation primarily were due to the percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). As calves became older, MUFA increased markedly, polyunsaturated fatty acids increased slightly (due to inverse, nearly proportional changes in 18:2 and 18:3), and saturated fatty acids decreased by 10 percentage units (P < .001). Thus, adipose tissue from Brahman and Hereford purebred and crossbred calves became markedly more unsaturated early postweaning; this change was less dramatic in the purebred Hereford calves.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Influence of realimentation of mature cows on maturity, color, collagen solubility, and sensory characteristics.

Cull beef cows (n = 80) that had consumed similar grassland diets were assigned to one of four feeding periods (0, 28, 56, and 84 d) and subdivided into two groups fed either a high-energy, high-protein diet or a high-energy, low-protein diet. Treatments were designed to examine the effect of time on feed, dietary protein, and electrical stimulation on carcass traits, composition, shear force, sensory profile, collagen characteristics, and myoglobin state. Within 1 h of slaughter, the right side of each carcass was electrically stimulated, and the left side served as the control. The only trait influenced by protein level was longissimus muscle area, for which a high-protein diet resulted in larger (P < .05) longissimus muscle areas. Increased time on a high-energy diet increased USDA yield grade and sensory ratings; however, metmyoglobin and reduced myoglobin values decreased between 0 and 28 d on feed. Electrical stimulation improved lean color, shear force values, and sensory attributes. Electrical stimulation decreased shear force by 2.8 kg for 0-d carcasses. With subsequent days on feed, shear force values continued to decrease, but this effect was minimal in electrically stimulated carcasses. However, protein level did not significantly influence palatability and quality attributes. The greatest (P < .05) improvement in marbling score was observed in electrically stimulated carcasses from cows fed for 84 d. Additionally, feeding a high-protein diet for 84 d resulted in a slightly lower maturity score. Even though values for palatability and quality traits were improved by antemortem and postmortem treatments, the magnitude of improvement may not be great enough for steaks from mature fed cows to be considered as acceptable as steaks from young fed beef.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

The role of Na+/K+ ATPase activity during low flow ischemia in preventing myocardial injury: a 31P, 23Na and 87Rb NMR spectroscopic study.

An increase in intracellular Na+ during ischaemia has been associated with myocardial injury. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase activity contributes to this increase and whether Na+/K+ ATPase activity can be maintained by provision of glucose to perfused rat hearts during low flow, 0.5 ml/min, ischemia. We used 31P NMR spectroscopy to determine changes in myocardial energetics and intracellular and extracellular volumes. 23Na NMR spectroscopy, with DyTTHA3- present as a shift reagent, was used to measure changes in intracellular Na+ and 87Rb NMR spectroscopy was used to estimate Na+/K+ ATPase activity from Rb+ influx rates, Rb+ being an NMR-sensitive congener of K+. In hearts provided with 11 mM glucose throughout ischemia, glycolysis continued and ATP was twofold higher than in hearts without glucose. In the glucose-hearts, Rb+ influx rate was threefold higher, intracellular Na+ was fivefold lower at the end of ischemia and functional recovery during reperfusion was twofold higher. We propose that continuation of glycolysis throughout low flow ischemia allowed maintenance of sufficient Na+/K+ ATPase activity to prevent the increase in intracellular Na+ that would otherwise have led to myocardial injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Is lactate-induced myocardial ischaemic injury mediated by decreased pH or increased intracellular lactate?

The detrimental effect of exogenous lactate during ischaemia on post-ischaemic contractile function may be mediated either by a lactate-induced intracellular H+ load or by an increase in intracellular lactate. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, isolated rat hearts were perfused with lactate or pyruvate during low flow ischaemia, the rationale being that both would decrease H+ efflux via lactate/H+ cotransport and lead to decreased pH, but only exogenous lactate would decrease lactate efflux and lead to increased intracellular lactate. 31P NMR spectra were acquired sequentially while hearts were subjected to 32 min low flow (0.5 ml/min) ischaemia and 32 min reperfusion. During ischaemia, hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 11 mM glucose (controls) or 11 mM glucose plus either 10 mM lactate or 10 mM pyruvate. Reperfusion of all hearts was with buffer containing only glucose. Intracellular volume, estimated to be 0.52 ml/heart using 31P NMR spectroscopy with phosphonate space markers, did not change under any of the ischaemic conditions during the protocol. Control and pyruvate hearts recovered approximately 85% of pre-ischaemic contractile function, but there was no recovery of function in lactate hearts. This lack of recovery correlated with a 57% loss of ATP during ischaemia, which was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the 41% loss of ATP in control and pyruvate-perfused hearts. End-ischaemic intracellular pH was 6.60 in both lactate-perfused and control hearts, but significantly lower (P < 0.05) at pH 6.43 in pyruvate-perfused hearts. Both exogenous pyruvate and lactate should have decreased H+ efflux, however the higher pH in the lactate-perfused hearts could be explained by a 60% inhibition of glycolysis, determined by measurement of myocardial lactate production. Thus, the intracellular pH during ischaemia does not necessarily predict the extent of myocardial injury. We propose that lactate-induced damage is a consequence of increased intracellular lactate leading to inhibition of glycolysis, presumably via an increased NADH/NAD ratio. This study highlights the important role of glycolysis in the ischaemic rat heart.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of beef and chicken consumption on plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic men.

BACKGROUND: The recommendation to lower saturated fat intake is often interpreted as requiring the elimination of beef to control or lower serum cholesterol levels. The study hypothesis was that the Step I Diet (8% to 10% of energy intake from saturated fatty acids) containing beef would have the same effect on plasma lipid levels of hypercholesterolemic men as a like diet containing chicken. METHODS: Thirty-eight free-living hypercholesterolemic (otherwise healthy) men completed a 13-week dietary intervention study. Subjects consumed their usual diets for 3 weeks, followed by a 5-week stabilization diet (18% of energy intake from saturated fatty acids), before randomization to one of two test diets for 5 weeks. The test diets contained either 85 g of cooked beef (8% fat) or 85 g of cooked chicken (7% fat) per 4184 kJ and had 7% to 8% of energy from saturated fatty acids. All food was supplied during the stabilization and test diets. RESULTS: The beef and chicken test diets both produced significant decreases in average plasma total cholesterol level (0.54 mmol/L [7.6%] for beef and 0.70 mmol/L [10.2%] for chicken) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (0.46 mmol/L [9%] for beef and 0.55 mmol/L [11%] for chicken). Changes in average levels of plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not statistically different (smallest P = .26) between the beef and chicken test diets. The average triglyceride level did not change for either test diet group. CONCLUSIONS: In this short-term study, comparably lean beef and chicken had similar effects on plasma levels of total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. We concluded that lean beef and chicken are interchangeable in the Step I Diet.

Adult↗