[Climate control systems and the prevention of infections].
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Air Microbiology↗
Biomedical subjects
H Rüden
Publications and source records attributed to H Rüden.
[Sanitary installations in restaurants from a hygienic and architectonic viewpoint].
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Restaurants↗
[Organic compounds in urban aerosols and their mutagenicity].
The determination of the total particulate matter (TPM), the ether extractable organic matter (EEOM) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban aerosols of Berlin-Wedding and their biological testing (Ames test) has shown that: 1. the concentrations of EEOM and TPM are probably dependent on the wind direction whereas an influence of wind velocity and temperature cannot be stated on basis of our data. 2. in most cases the concentrations of EEOM and TPM are higher on workdays than on weekends, 3. the concentration of EEOM decreases from January till May, 4. the main portion of EEOM and nearly all PAH are concentrated in the smaller particles (aerodynamic diameters less than 1.4 micrometer), 5. the PAH with four and less than four benzene nuclei show maximal concentrations on workdays whereas higher condensed PAH show a maximum on weekends, 6. most of the ether-extracts exhibits mutagenicity in the Ames test, 7. extracts of the probably lung penetrating fractions 5 and 6 (impactor stages) mostly cause higher rates of mutation than those of the combined fractions 2-4 (main site of impaction: nose and bronchi), 8. the highest rates of mutations are received with EEOM from february-samples.
Aerosols↗
[Case report of the contamination of preserved blood with Klebsiella oxytoca and Serratia liquefaciens].
It will be reported on six transfusion reactions. In five cases the blood units - collected in glass containers - were contaminated with K. oxytoca serotype K 17. In addition K. oxytoca and also S. liquefaciens could be demonstrated in other not transfused blood bottles which originated from the same period of production. By means of the coincident evidence of the species in the pilot tubes as well as with regards to the sequence of operations during the withdrawal of blood and the use of glass containers, hygienic grievances were responsible for the microbial contamination of the transfusion bottles.
Aged↗
[Mutagenic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polar organic compounds (POC) in urban aerosols].
The concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the polar organic fraction (polar organic compounds = POC) as part of the aerosol particles, collected on fiberglass filters with a six-stage high volume cascade impactor from 17.7. to 9.10. 1981 from Berlin (West) air, were determined.--The two fractions were tested for their mutagenicity by using the Salmonella typhimurium bioassay (Ames-test). According to their site of deposition in the human respiratory system the aerosol particles were fractioned into two classes: "A" (Dae = 1.3-10.2 microns) and "B" (Dae = 0.4-1.3 microns). The following data were obtained: 1. The ether extractable organic matter (EEOM) contains 8.9-12.0% PAH and 40.1-65.8% POC. 2. PAH and POC extracted from particles with a Dae:1.3-10.2 microns exhibit nearly the same mutagenic activity after metabolic activation whereas the POC derived from particles with a Dae:0.4-1.3 microns (lung penetrating fraction) result in a higher mutagenicity than the PAH. 3. The POC show a higher mutagenic activity without metabolic activation than the PAH. 4. Generally extracts derived from particles with a Dae:0.4-1.3 microns exhibit higher mutagenic effects than those derived from particles with a Dae:1.3-10.2 microns.
Aerosols↗
[Medico-hygienic evaluation of air pollutants in living areas].
Not only ambient air but indoor air as well contains viable and nonviable noxae which may cause injuries to human health. There are many sources of air pollutants which may be present in the solid, liquid or gaseous state: besides substances from many extramural sources there is a growing number of compounds produced indoors (e.g. from building materials). The concentration of these substances is increasing since energy conservation measures (e.g. tightening of windows) have reduced considerably natural ventilation which should guarantee the air exchange between the indoor and the outdoor environment. The following text gives an overview on different pollutants and on their hygienic relevance. Measures to reduce the exposure of man to air pollutants are presented and discussed.
Air Pollutants↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in a surgical intensive care unit. III. Spreading of Staphylococcus aureus with regard to phage typing analysis (author's transl)].
The colonization of a surgical intensive care unit with Staphylococcus aureus was studied over a period of 16 withdrawal days. During this survey samples were taken from medical and nursing staff, patients and their inaminate environment. To make statements about the potential sources and routes of transmission of Staph. aureus we investigated the resistance situation (18 tested chemotherapeutical agents) and phage lysis patterns of about 100 isolates. By means of different examples could be demonstrated that identical resistance patterns may lead to false epidemiological conclusions. Only the use of phage pattern analysis seems to enable well-founded hints.
Air Microbiology↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in surgical intensive care unit. I. Occurrence and spreading of Gram-negative, obligate aerobic and facultative anaerobic rods (author's transl)].
In a surgical care unit samples were taken at 16 days in 3 day-intervals and the staff, the patients, their inanimate environment and the air investigated on the occurrence of gram-negative nosocomial infective agents (NIA). Samples taken from the staff only showed 1.3% positive NIA findings. Samples taken from the patient were NIA-positive in 27.7%. Samples taken from the inanimate environment were NIA-positive in 3.8%. In 6.9% of samples taken from the air gram-negative NIA were shown. With two examples the spreading of gram-negative NIA at the patient himself resp. also in his inanimate environment was shown. On base of resistance patterns a spreading from resp. through the staff or from one patient to the other was not definitely to be shown. Our results have shown that the NIA may be dissiminated by contact as well as by air-well-known with Staph. aureus but also with gram-negative rods.
Aged↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in a surgical intensive care unit. II. Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].
Over a period of 16 weeks we investigated nursing and medical staff, patients, their inanimate environment and air of surgical intensive care unit on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus. On this occasion Staph. aureus could be proved most frequently with the patients (11.0%). In the frequency of evidence the "aseptic" patients come to the fore with 13.1% followed by the "septic" (11.1%) and the "uncertain" patients (7.7%). From the inanimate environment of the "septic" patients Staph. aureus could be isolated in 7.4%, while the environment of the "uncertain" and "aseptic" patients showed nearly the same ratio (2.8, respectively 2.0%). In all the contamination of the inanimate environment is of secondary importance in comparison with the patient himself (5.6%). In only 5.0% of all cases Staph. aureus could be found in samples taken from the staff.
Air Microbiology↗
[Hygienic requirements for the architectural-functional design of intensive care units (author's transl)].
Three standard variants of intensive care units are described. The hygienic-microbiological examinations of the patients' surrounding show in how fat architectural factors influence the propagation of germs responsible for nosocomial infections. The results are hygienic requirements concerning the architectural functional structure of intensive care units to facilitate the maintenance of anti- and asepsis for the nursing personal.
Facility Design and Construction↗
[Criteria for the hygienic appraisal of intensive care units (author's transl)].
7 intensiv-care-units (I.U.C.) were compared by analysing the charts of 100 patients from each station. They showed remarkable differences concerning the diagnosis of admittance, age and other factors related to the risk of infection. Consequently, kind and number of intensive care related medical procedures, the use of antibiotics, the duration of the patients stay on the station and the death rate differed widely. Some criteria concerning the layout, personnel, organisation and therapy on I.C.U. are named, which are mainly related to the patients condition and to the thereby given risk of infection.
Burns↗
[Microorganisms in the open air during the period of a winter-half-year (author's transl)].
During the winter-half-year 1976/77 the concentrations of airborne microorganisms in the open air were measured in Bonn and at a place in the Sauerland. Simultaneously the data of wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric rel. humidity, temperature, intensity of solar radiation were registered. It can be shown, that the denominated parameters are influencing the content of microorganisms of the air in different proportions.
Air Microbiology↗
[Influence of atmospheric aerosol materials on microorganisms (author's transl)].
The concentration of microorganisms showed variations over a wide range. As factors influencing their viability meteorological parameters as relative humidity and temperature were recognized. Furthermore there are other antimicrobial compounds in the air. For their demonstration the aerosol was collected on air filters and then extracted in aqueous solutions. Their examinations showed that there are geographic and seasonal dependences of the antimicrobial activity of the aerosol.
Air Microbiology↗
[Hygienic problems in intensive care units (author's transl)].
Microbiological tests have established that intensive care units act as a reservoir from which hospital infections spread. The mode of their spread is reviewed. The increased incidence of nosocomial infections to intensive care wards is attributable partly to deficient antisepsis and asepsis and partly to inadequate planning of the building and organization of these wards. Plans for two intensive care wards are put forward which would reduce the risk of contact, smear and air-borne infections. In the planning of these units greater attention than has so far been the case should be paid to preventing the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms.
Air Microbiology↗
[A simple climatic chamber for testing air filters 2. Communication: adjustment of relative humidity (author's transl)].
A climatic chamber for laboratory use is constructed using unexpensive materials. The relative humidity is to be adjusted between 20% and nearly 100% by regulation of the water temperature in the humidifier. The temperature range is 20-40 degrees C. As there are to be done experiments with air filter samples under practical conditions the system is enabled to work up 75 m3 of fresh air per hour. In comparison to commercially available apparatus the system described may be easily modified to fit the geometrical and experimental conditions.
Climate↗
[On the effect of particulate airborne substances on various micro-organisms (author's transl)].
Experimental studies on the reaction of micro-organisms on fine-dust filters (type C) and high-efficiency particulate air filters (type R and S) have shown no evidence of a growth of microorganisms. Therefore efforts were aimed at detecting antimicrobial factors which were supposed to exist in the precipitated acidic continental aerosol. With this in mind, air filters from different locations and with service times were extracted in water and the extract was tested for its antimicrobial effects. Die-off rates are used to demonstrate the influence of such extracts with varying concentrations of substances and pH values on bacteria.
Aerosols↗
[The permeability for microorganisms of sterile packaging materials].
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Bacteriological Techniques↗
[Control of cross infection in intensive care units].
Quantitative determinations of antibiotic susceptibility established that infections occurring in intensive care units were predominantly exogenous cross infections. The most frequently isolated strains were: Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae, Serratia marcescens and Proteus mirabilis. The majority of the strains showed multiple resistance. Despite adequate antibiotic therapy a number of patients died of the infection. Many of the methods of disinfection were found to be inadequate, especially as regarded washbasins, face flannels, ultrasound inhalers, respirators and other apparatus. The fact that many of the isolated strains are capable of multiplying in water is not receiving sufficient attention.
Air Microbiology↗