PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H Saloniemi

Publications and source records attributed to H Saloniemi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Fumonisin B1-induced DNA damage in rat liver and spleen: effects of pretreatment with coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, alpha-tocopherol and selenium.

Active oxygen radical species are reported to cause organ damage. This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress contributed to the initiation or progression of hepatic and splenic cell DNA damage induced by fumonisin B1 (FB1) in rats. Another aim was to investigate the protective effects of the antioxidants coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), L-carnitine, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and selenium against DNA damage in the liver and spleen of rats treated with FB1. Fasted rats were injected intravenously with a single dose of fumonisin B1 at 1.55 mg kg-1 body wt. into the tail vein. Treatment with FB1 led to splenic and hepatic DNA fragmentation in 85% of the test animals. DNA fragmentation was investigated as a critical event in toxic cell death by testing total Ca2+ in liver. FB1 administration caused total Ca2+ in liver to increase within 4 h (204% of control). Measurement of liver enzyme activities showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). FB1 also markedly decreased splenic and hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels. Pretreatment with CoQ10 (30 mg CoQ10 kg-1 diet) together with L-carnitine (2.8 mg carnitine kg-1 diet), alpha-tocopherol (30 IU vitamin E kg-1 diet) and selenium (1 mg selenium as sodium selenite kg-1 diet), decreased DNA damage and the activities of Ca2+, ASAT and ALAT in the liver. On the other hand, the level of GSH was slightly increased. The CoQ10 alone did not significantly protect against toxic cell death and glutathione depletion caused by FB1. Oxidative damage caused by FB1 may be one of the underlining mechanisms of FB1-induced cell injury and DNA damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Acute phase response in dairy cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis.

Six Finnish Ayrshire cows were challenged intramammarily with 1500 CFU of Escherichia coli (E. coli) into single udder quarters, and the challenge was repeated into contralateral quarters 3 weeks later. All cows received flunixine meglumine once, and 3 of them were also treated with enrofloxacin. At the 2nd challenge, treatments were changed vice versa. The development of mastitis was followed by monitoring of systemic and local clinical signs, and with serial milk and serum samples. Intramammary challenge with E. coli produced clinical mastitis in all cows, the severity of the disease varying greatly between the animals. No significant changes between the 2 treatment regimens or sequent challenges were found for any of the clinical parameters. The response of each cow followed the same pattern after both challenges; three of the cows became mildly and the other 3 either moderately or severely affected. Two severely affected cows had to be euthanized because of severe mastitis. Serum haptoglobin and amyloid-A concentrations peaked 2-3 days after bacterial challenge. Serum haptoglobin did not correlate with the severity of the disease. Serum amyloid-A rose gradually in the severely affected cows, and significant differences were found between severely versus moderately or mildly affected cows at day 4. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations increased only in the severely affected cows. Serum cortisol response was prolonged in the severely diseased animals, and was significantly lower after the second challenge. Serum nitrite/nitrate concentration increased in the severely affected cows. This indicated excess nitric oxide production during acute E. coli mastitis. Strongly decreased milk production, and high bacterial growth in the infected quarters were best predictors for the outcome from acute E. coli mastitis.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1999

Eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from infected swine herds joining the LSO 2000 health class.

The study was conducted in order to determine if eradication of swine enzootic pneumoniae (SEP) had succeeded with different variants of partial depopulation during the eradication programme on swine farrowing farms joining a health class, LSO 2000. The farms in the health class need to be free from swine enzootic pneumoniae, swine dysentery, sarcoptic mange and atrophic rhinitis. Twenty-one eradication attempts for M. hyopneumoniae were carried out using different variants based on separating adult animals for 2 weeks from infected young pigs which were not returned to the herd. The infected young pigs were kept in the same building (variant 1) in 4 herds and on the same compound (variant 2) as disease-free pigs in 12 herds. The infected young pigs were finally all sold. In 5 herds only adult animals were present during the eradication (variant 3). The eradication attempt succeeded in 81% and failed or remained uncertain in 19% of the herds. The result was confirmed with 1) frequent clinical follow-up of the health status in the herds (both the farrowing and the finishing units) joining the LSO 2000 health class 2) milk and/or blood serology. Possible causes of the failure of the eradication attempt were described: a short distance between infected and uninfected animals, the time period between diagnosis of SEP and initiation of the programme, the age of the youngest animal kept on the farm, the period of time when animals with different status were reared close to each other, the medications used, the cleaning of the facilities during the programme and the season. Further, a good cooperation between the farmer, the local veterinarian and the animal health service of the slaughterhouse was an essential part of the initiation and the follow-up of the programme. The secondary aim of the study was to collect information about the expenses during the programme. Only 57% of the farmers gave some estimates for the expenses on their farms. For variants 1, 2 and 3 the expenses were 879, 1110 and 1274 FIM per sow (1 USD = 5.5 FIM), respectively (p > 0.1).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1998

Bovine mastitis in Finland in 1988 and 1995--changes in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance.

Two surveys were carried out (during 1988 and 1995) to estimate the prevalence of bovine mastitis in Finland. In 1988, 17,111 quarter milk samples were obtained from 4495 cows, and in 1995 the corresponding figures were 10,410 and 2648. Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens was studied. Prevalence of mastitis on cow basis decreased from 47.8% in 1988 to 37.8% in 1995. Staphylococci was the largest group of pathogens isolated. The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus decreased and that of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) increased. The proportion of strains resistant to at least one antibacterial drug increased with regard to S. aureus from 36.9% in 1988, to 63.6% in 1995 and with CNS from 26.6% to 49.7%. Most of the increase in antibacterial resistance was due to a higher number of beta-lactamase producing strains. Multiresistance also increased, but it was proportional to the overall increase in resistance. All the predominant mastitis streptococci were susceptible to beta-lactams tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of selenium fertilization on selenium in feedstuffs and selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene concentrations in blood of cattle.

Selenium (n = 56), total vitamin E, and homologues of natural vitamin E in feedstuffs (n = 52) and the concentrations of Se (n = 241), vitamin E (n = 244), and beta-carotene (n = 227) in blood were measured. The mean (+/- SD) Se content in hay, grass silage, oats, and barley produced using fertilizers enriched with Se was 0.13 (+/- 0.169), 0.17 (+/- 0.704), 0.23 (+/- 0.107) and 0.21 (+/- 0.119) mg/kg of DM, respectively, and the mean (+/- SD) vitamin E contents, calculated as dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate equivalents, were 39.7 (+/- 13.0), 120.0 (+/- 40.27), 24.4 (+/- 3.83) and 34.5 (+/- 3.57) IU/kg of DM, respectively. The mean Se concentrations in whole blood of cows, heifers, bulls and calves fed hay (n = 62), silage (n = 111), or pasture (n = 68) varied from 183 to 244 micrograms/l. The mean concentrations of total vitamin E in serum of lactating cows fed hay (n = 21), silage (n = 29) or pasture (n = 26) were 2.8 (+/- 1.43), 6.5 (+/- 3.03) and 8.2 (+/- 2.64) mg/l, respectively. For calves, concentrations of vitamin E in serum were as low as 0.25 mg/L. The mean concentration of beta-carotene in serum of lactating cows fed grass silage (n = 26) or pasture (n = 28) was 13.7 (+/- 6.61) and 15.4 (+/- 6.15) mg/L, respectively, but, in lactating cows fed hay (n = 20), concentrations were 2.5 (+/- 1.07) mg/L.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Blood selenium, vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations and udder health, fertility treatments, and fertility.

We investigated the activity of glutathione peroxidase in whole blood; concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene in serum; SCC; udder bacterial infections and the incidence of clinical mastitis; fertility treatments; and the success of first AI of 511 dairy cows for 1 yr. The mean Se content in whole blood and the concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations in serum were 191 micrograms/L, 5.9 mg/L, 0.39 mg/L, and 12.9 mg/L, respectively. An increase in Se concentration in whole blood was associated with a decrease in all infections, including infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces pyogenes, and Corynebacterium spp. (-17.7, -31.7, and -70.6%, respectively). There was no association among the different infections or SCC and concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, or beta-carotene, but an association existed between vitamin A concentration and SCC. The lower Se concentration in whole blood did not increase incidence of clinical mastitis. The Se concentration in whole blood (200 micrograms/L) was accepted as a target value to optimize udder health. The incidence of fertility disorders (anestrus, subestrus, cystic ovaries, or delayed ovulation) was 34.4%. The pregnancy rate following first insemination was 48.6%. No significant association was observed among Se in whole blood; concentrations of total vitamin E, vitamin A, or beta-carotene in serum; and fertility disorders or success of first AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Changes in inflammation-related blood constituents of mastitic cows.

The following blood constituents were measured in the blood and/or serum from healthy and mastitic cows: lipid peroxides (LPO), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclic AMP (cAMP), electrolytes (Na, K), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit, eosinophils, and electrical conductivity. The levels of these blood variables, excluding GSH-Px, erythrocytes variables and conductivity, were higher in mastitic than in healthy animals. In the blood of the mastitic animals, the AP and LPO levels were 44 and 38% higher than in the healthy animals. The substantial decline in the GSH-Px levels in mastitic animals (P < 0.05) may be related to changes in lipid peroxidation and PG formation and possibly to oxidative stress caused by the host defences. The eosinophil levels were positively correlated with those of PGE2 and cAMP. The possible implications of these findings for the diagnosis of mastitis are discussed.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

The effect of sour milk as a postmilking teat dip for mastitis prevention in a dairy herd.

In a preliminary in vitro study, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was totally inhibited during incubation for 24 h at 35 degrees C-37 degrees C in a solution of cooked commercial milk with 1% of uncooked commercial sour milk ("A piimä"). In a subsequent clinical trial, "A piimä" sour milk with 5% glycerol was used as a postmilking teat dip from February to June. Quarterly milk samples were drawn once a month aseptically from 133 cows. Percentages of pathogen positive samples and somatic cell count (SCC) from teats dipped with the sour milk were compared with those dipped with a commercial iodine teat dip and those of undipped controls. During March-June there were fewer isolations of S. aureus (2.09%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (2.52%) in the sour-milk group than in the control group (3.09% and 4.07%, respectively). In iodine group, there were fewer isolations of S. aureus (0.83%) but more isolations of coagulase-negative staphylococci (5.26%) than in the control group. During the study period, the percentages of bacterial isolates did not differ statistically significantly between treatments, p = 0.291. The percentage of quarters with a SCC over 125,000 at the end of the study was one third lower in the sour-milk group than in the control group (16.67% and 26.23% respectively) but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). The results indicate that a sour-milk teat-dip preparation can inhibit new intra mammary infections (IMI).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder.

This study is a summary of Finnish investigations of the phytoestrogen content of legume plants, red clover, white clover, alfalfa, and goat's rue. In addition to the chemical analyses, biological studies were performed. Uterine weight of immature rats was used as an indicator of the estrogenic effect of the fodder used. All red clover varieties studied contained estrogenic isoflavones, especially formononetin and biochanin-A. The phytoestrogen content varied from 1.0% to 2.5% of dry matter. The biological study of white clover showed a clear estrogenic effect not visible through chemical analysis. Alfalfa contains small quantities of formononetin and biochanin-A, but 25-65 ppm coumestrol in dry matter. The estrogenic effect of alfalfa was obvious in the biological study. Goat's rue did not contain any known phytoestrogens, and the biological study was completely negative.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

The hemolytic activity of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin.

The hemolytic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T-2) individually on rat erythrocytes were studied at different concentrations. Sodium azide was used as an enzyme inhibitor to prevent T-2 toxin metabolism. The concentration of T-2 was controlled by GC-MS and no decrease of the toxin was found during the time of the experiment. In spite of the much higher toxicity of T-2 toxin to eucaryotic cells, DON and T-2 showed similar lytic activity toward erythrocytes at high and low concentrations. Neither of these toxins at a concentration of 130 micrograms/ml, produced significant hemolysis even after 11 hr incubation. This finding suggests that there is a threshold level for both T-2 and DON, below which the lytic reaction does not occur. An additional hemolysis test was conducted in the presence of mannitol, glutathione, ascorbic acid, alfa-tocopherol, and histidine. The assay demonstrated that all the compounds inhibited to some extent the hemolytic reaction of the toxins. It is suggested that DON and T-2 exert their toxicity on procaryotic cells in three different ways: by penetrating the phospholipid bilayer and acting at the subcellular level, by interacting with the cellular membranes, and by free radical mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Most probably, more than one mechanism operates at the same time.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of germination on vomitoxin level in grain.

The present investigation clarified the effect of enzymes or other substances formed during the germination process on the vomitoxin level of contaminated oats. The studies found that oats containing vomitoxin germinated very poorly; the decrease in toxins was also slight. The amount of pure vomitoxin added to toxin-free grain decreased (barley 53%, oats 40%, wheat 20%) during germination (5 d). In homogenized mixture of germinated grain (2.4 and 7 d) and toxic grain no decrease in toxin amount occurred during a 1-7 day period. In contrast, when germinating toxin free grains and toxic oats in a grain mixture the toxin level decreased at first, but later rose considerably. On the basis of these results, the utilization of germination processes for the improvement of grain containing vomitoxin is of questionable value.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pancreatic enzyme supplementation in normal and exocrine pancreatic insufficient pigs.

The effect of pancreatic enzyme preparation (Combizyme Forte granulate) on the growth rate of normal, sham-operated and pancreatic duct ligated growing pigs was studied in 2 trials. In the first trial 6 normal Yorkshire pigs were fed a pancreatic enzyme supplement and 6 other pigs from the same litter were fed without supplementation. The growth rate over a period of 4 weeks was not significantly greater in the supplemented group. In a second trial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, without diabetic symptoms, was produced in 12 pigs (aged 1.5 months and weighing 14 kgs) by ligation of the main pancreatic duct. The growth rates over a period of 20 days after surgery were 240 g, 454 g and 483 g/day in ligated pigs, in ligated pigs supplemented with pancreatic enzyme and in sham-operated control pigs, respectively. The difference between the ligated groups was significant (p less than 0.01) indicating the efficiency of the pancreatic enzyme therapy.

Amylases↗