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Biomedical subjects

H Sarnat

Publications and source records attributed to H Sarnat.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Self-applied topical fluoride products for children available in Israel. Part two: Mouthwashes].

The use of self applied topical fluoride products is considered, today, the most effective caries prevention measure. The daily or weekly/biweekly use of fluoridated mouth rinses, containing adequate concentrations of fluoride ion, has been shown to be an important adjunct in caries prevention and arrest. The purpose of this paper was 1. to review the various types of fluoridated mouth rinses, with regard to the type of fluoride compound and its effectiveness; 2. to focus on the fluoridated mouthrinses available for children in Israel in regard to concentration and additives, and 3. to give recommendations for rational and safe use. The mouthrinses are presented according to their concentration, showing Fluoride compound, additives, alcohol presence, flavor and manufacturer. The issues of safety in regard to ingestion of the rinse by small children are discussed. Rinses of no less than a 230-250 ppm are recommended to children of medium and high caries risk above the age of 6. The product should carry clear information regarding the type of fluoride compound, its concentration, instructions for use and age restriction. The products should be further protected by child proof caps.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

In vitro viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacities of periodontal ligament fibroblasts after storage in four media supplemented with growth factors.

The choice of storage medium for preserving traumatically avulsed teeth is important for the success of future replantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of growth factors (IGF-1 and PDGF-BB) when added to storage media in preserving the functional abilities of cultured periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF). The evaluated storage media were: ViaSpan, Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), alpha minimal essential medium (alpha MEM), and alpha MEM supplemented with FCS and antibiotic (alpha MEM-S). PDLF were obtained from explants of human healthy extracted teeth. Plates with confluent PDLF were soaked in the various media supplemented with IGF-1 (10 ng/ml) and PDGF-BB (4 ng/ml) for 2, 8 and 24 h at room temperature (24 degrees C). The control group was incubated with the examined storage media without growth factors at 24 degrees C. An additional control group was incubated with culture medium at 37 degrees C without growth factors. After incubation, the viability of the cells was determined by Trypan blue exclusion test. Viable cells were then analyzed for mitogenic (with thymidine) and clonogenic (by culturing one cell/well) capacities. Storage of PDLF with growth factors (GF) for 2, 8 and 24 h decreased their vitality by only 3% (not statistically significant). The mitogenicity of PDLF stored for 2, 8 and 24 h in various media with GF was statistically comparable to that of the control group. Generally, the highest mitogenic capacity of PDLF stored with or without GF was found after 8 h of storage. Increasing the storage period to 24 h decreased the mitogenic capacity of the cells stored with GF by only 10-40% compared to the control group. In contrast, the clonogenic capacity of PDLF stored with GF increased with increasing storage periods by 100-300%, and the highest clonogenic capacity was found in most storage media after 24 h of storage with GF. The highest clonogenic and mitogenic capacities were found in cells stored in HBSS followed by alpha MEM-S. The mitogenic and clonogenic capacities of PDLF stored in various media supplemented with GF for 2-8 h were generally lower than without GF supplementation. The mitogenic and clonogenic effects of GF-supplementation was observed only after 24 h of storage. After 24 h of storage with GF, the clonogenic capacity increased by 8-224% and the mitogenicity by 20-37%, except in cells stored in alpha MEM (-1%). However, these differences were generally not statistically significant. In conclusion, the mitogenic and clonogenic effects of GF were observed only after 24 h of storage at room temperature. HBSS and alpha MEM-S supplemented with GF were the most effective media for preserving the viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of PDLF stored for 24 h at room temperature. For short periods of storage (2 and 8 h), HBSS and alpha MEM-S without GF were preferable.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2000

In vitro viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of periodontal ligament cells after storage in four media at room temperature.

The choice of storage medium for preserving traumatically avulsed teeth is important for the success of future replantation. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of four recommended storage media (Hank's balanced salt solution [HBSS], culture medium, alpha minimal essential medium [alpha-MEM], and ViaSpan) to preserve cultured periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) at room temperature (22 degrees C). PDLF were obtained from explants of extracted healthy human teeth. Plates with confluent PDLF were soaked in the various media for 2, 8 and 24 h at room temperature. A control group was incubated with culture medium at 37 degrees C. After incubation, viability of the cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion test. Viable cells were then analyzed for mitogenic (with thymidine) and clonogenic capacity (by culturing one cell/well). Viability of PDLF stored up to 24 h was comparable in all tested media, and the differences were limited to 1%-3%. PDLF stored for up to 24 h in various media had statistically comparable mitogenicity to the control group. After 8 h of storage, the differences were limited to 2%-9%, except for the alpha-MEM group which had 23%-29% lower mitogenic capacity compared to the control group. Increasing the storage time up to 24 h further decreased the mitogenicity of the cells by 22%-47%. The highest mitogenicity after 24 h of storage was found in PDLF stored in culture medium or HBSS, and the lowest in alpha-MEM. PDLF stored for 2-8 h in various media had a comparable clonogenic capacity to the control group. However, after 24 h, the cells' clonogenic ability dropped by 14%-66%. A similar trend of reduction was noted in the mitogenic and clonogenic capacity, although it was statistically significant only in the clonogenic capacity. Culture medium and ViaSpan, followed by HBSS, were the most effective in preserving the clonogenic capacity of PDLF after 24 h of storage. The lowest clonogenic capacity after 24 h of storage was in the alpha-MEM group (66%, P < 0.0025). In conclusion, culture medium, followed by HBSS and ViaSpan, was the most effective media for preserving the viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of PDLF stored for up to 24 h at room temperature. The lowest functional abilities were found in PDLF stored in alpha-MEM.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2000

Russell bodies in the pulp of a primary tooth.

Russell bodies can be found in the majority of the inflamed tissues throughout the body. They have been shown to consist of accumulations of normal globulins that may burst out of the distended plasma cells that secrete them. Russell bodies have also been described in oral tissues and are believed to occur in 80% of the chronic periapical lesions. Yet their occurrence in the pulp has not been subjected to scrutiny. Concentrations of large intracellular (in-plasma cells) and extracellular Russell bodies have been found in the inflammatory tissue occupying the pulp cavity of carious primary teeth. Their significance is so far unknown.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Microabrasion of teeth with discoloration resembling hypomaturation enamel defects: four-year follow up.

Microabrasion with 18% HCl and pumice to remove enamel dysmineralization and improve esthetics is an accepted and effective treatment. This technique can probably be extended even to generalized defects resembling hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta that appear on all erupted teeth. Five children aged 9 to 11 with two types of enamel-hypomaturation probably due to developmental defects were treated successfully by microabrasion, with marked improvement of the discoloration. The patients were followed for up to four years. During this period, no tooth-sensitivity or staining was noted. The teeth looked healthier and shinier.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta↗
PubMed1999

In vitro viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of periodontal ligament cells after storage in six different media.

The choice of storage medium for preserving traumatically avulsed teeth is important for the success of future replantation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of six different media: culture medium, alpha minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM), milk, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), ViaSpan and conditioned medium (CM) to preserve cultured periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF). Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were obtained from explants of human healthy extracted teeth. Plates with confluent PDLF were soaked in the various media for 2, 8 and 24 h at 4 degrees C. A control group was incubated with culture medium at 37 degrees C. After incubation, cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion test. Viable cells were then analyzed for mitogenic (with thymidine) and clonogenic capacity (by culturing one cell/well). Storage of PDLF up to 24 h decreased their vitality by only 2%-14%. Vitality of the PDLF after 2, 8 and 24 h was highest when stored in milk or HBSS (91%-97%) and lowest when stored in ViaSpan or CM (82%-93%). PDLF stored for 2-8 h in various media had a mitogenic capacity comparable to the control. However, increasing the storage period to 24 h decreased the mitogenicity of the cells by 3%-39%. The highest mitogenicity was found in PDLF stored in milk or HBSS and the lowest in CM or ViaSpan. The clonogenic capacity of the cells dropped by 38%-71% after 24 h and was the best indicator of the deteriorating effect of long storage. Milk and HBSS were the most effective in preserving the clonogenic capacity. Nevertheless, reduction in the viability, mitogenicity or clonogenic capacity was statistically significant in nearly all the tested media only after 24 h of incubation. In conclusion, HBSS and milk were the most effective media for preserving the viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity after storage for up to 24 h at 4 degrees C.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1998

Old thoughts, new ideas: comparing traditional Talmudic education with today's medical education.

The authors compare innovative learning strategies in medical education today with the traditional educational methods of Jewish Talmudic study. These methods began to be developed in yeshivas (the highest Jewish educational institutions) in the third century BC and continue to be used in yeshivas today. The teaching in thousands of yeshivas of Talmudic study worldwide emphasizes student-centered, problem-based, small-group, and lifelong learning. Further, in the yeshivas rote memorization is discouraged; students are selected on the basis of merit rather than social status; and the teachers (particularly master teachers) are expected to act as role models for all aspects of living. Over the centuries, the yeshiva has been slightly modified and specialized, and the number of students has increased, but the institution has retained its basic instructional format. The authors briefly describe each aspect of Talmudic study and how it relates to current educational practices in medical schools. They argue that comparing these two educational institutions--the yeshiva and medical school--is valuable, in that the history of the yeshiva educational system, which has successfully produced generations of creative scholars, educators, and leaders, as well as an enormous body of literature, validates the innovative teaching approaches being used in medical schools today.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1994

Periodontal ligament injection: spread of the solution in the dog.

Investigations of the spread of anesthetic solutions administered with the periodontal ligament injection have reported conflicting findings. The purpose of this investigation was to study the distribution of the injected fluid by macroscopic and microscopic techniques. One third of the liquid of the carpules (2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine) was replaced with India ink as a marker. Injections were made with a pressure syringe, (Ligmaject) at 90 sites in 12 dogs. Twenty-five control sites were injected with a marked solution without a vasoconstrictor (3% mepivacaine). Seven dogs were killed within 24 h; the others after 5 days. Spread of the ink was studied in undemineralized slices, in three-dimensional cleared specimens, and in histological sections. The solution usually reached the alveolar crest, seeped under the periosteum, and entered into bone marrow spaces alongside vascular channels. The ink spread along the path of least resistance, influenced by the intricacies of anatomical structures and fascial planes, rather than penetrating into the periodontal ligament or in the root canal. In the controls without a vasoconstrictor the spread was more diffuse. Five days postoperatively, carbon particles were present only within macrophages.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Periodontal ligament injection in the dog primary dentition: spread of local anaesthetic solution.

The spread of local anaesthetic solution administered with a pressure syringe has not been studied as extensively in young animals having primary or mixed dentitions as in adult animals. The purpose of this investigation was to study the distribution of local anaesthetic solution injected into the periodontal ligament of young dogs. India ink was added to carpules containing 2% lidocaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine, and the spread of solution was examined macroscopically and microscopically. Injections were made with a pressure syringe (Ligmaject) at 58 sites mesial and distal to primary teeth in five dogs aged 3-9 months. Three dogs were killed within 12 hours, the other two after 5 days. Spread of the ink was studied in non-decalcified slabs, in three-dimensional cleared specimens, and in histological sections. The solution usually reached the alveolar bone crest, seeped under the periosteum and alongside vascular channels into bone marrow, reaching natural cavities such as the crypts of tooth buds and the mandibular canal. The ink did not penetrate into the enamel organ or contact the permanent tooth buds. The solution appeared to spread along the path of least resistance, governed by the intricacies of anatomical structures and fascial planes. Therefore the risk of mechanical damage to permanent tooth germs appears to be minimal.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1993

A treatment need index: a pilot study.

The traditional caries index, DMF, provides inadequate information to assess dental treatment needs of a community. Dental health planners are often called upon to estimate the treatment needs, costs, time and personnel required for a proposed programme. A treatment needs index (TNI) is presented which provides important data for dental health planning. The index defines seven basic levels of treatment: (0) no treatment needed; (1) preventive treatment; (2) fissure sealants; (3) initial conservative restorations; (4) moderate conservative restorations; (5) advanced conservative restorations; and (6) radical treatment, including pulp therapy, prosthetic restorations and extractions. A pilot study and an example comparing data of both DMF and TNI demonstrates the values of the latter index. The Treatment Needs Index provides a more accurate description of caries severity and extent than does the traditional DMF index, and can be used to estimate the time required to treat a community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Dental and oral findings in patients with familial dysautonomia.

Familial dysautonomia is an inherited autosomal recessive disease found almost exclusively in Ashkenazi Jews. It is characterized by selective damage to the sensory, motor, and autonomic peripheral nervous system. The main clinical features include decreased pain sensation, impaired temperature and blood pressure regulation, lack of tearing, absent tendon reflexes, and fungiform papillae on the tongue. The purpose of this study was to explore in depth and to verify the oral and dental status in familial dysautonomia. Twenty-two patients and 44 match-paired healthy persons of Ashkenazi descent were examined. Patients and parents had only little concern for their oral condition. Caries prevalence was lower than normal and plaque accumulation increased in all patients. Dental trauma was found in 59% of the patients, and 32% showed orodental self-mutilation. Dental age was within normal range, and dental arch measurements implied proportionally small jaws and little crowding. The low caries rate may be related to the known "hypersalivation" in familial dysautonomia and/or a possible change in the salivary composition and content, caused by chronic autonomic denervation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Physiologic pigmentation of the oral mucosa in Israeli children.

Physiologic melanin pigmentation (racial pigmentation) of the oral mucosa varies in prevalence among different races and ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of physiologic pigmentation in Israeli Jewish children of different ethnic origins. A total of 1,300 children, 6 to 10 years of age, was examined. Physiologic pigmentation was found in 13.5% of the population studied. Children of Eastern origin showed a significantly higher prevalence of pigmentation compared with Ashkenazi and Sephardic groups. Because melanin pigmentation can be enhanced by mechanical and chemical stimulation (smoking), this study may serve as a baseline for investigation of melanin pigmentation in various ethnic groups.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Increased caries prevalence in adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia to Israel.

The prevalence of caries in adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia increased rapidly, the longer their residence in Israel. A total of 159 newly immigrated adolescents, aged 11-19, who lived in small absorption institutions, as well as 52 Ethiopian adolescents and 173 Israeli-born adolescents living together in a larger institution, were examined. Caries was recorded using the DMFT index, which indicates caries experience. The mean caries prevalence (DMFT) of the newly immigrated Ethiopians was 0.49 and of those residing in Israel 12-24 months was 1.76. The caries rate was highest in the Israeli group (DMFT-10.0). The percentages of caries-free individuals were 10.0% for the Israelis, 58.8% for the Ethiopians who immigrated earlier and 81.8% for the newly immigrated. The abrupt change in dietary habits seems to have created a new high risk caries group. Caries preventive measures, the use of fluoride products, and patient education and motivation are urgently required.

Adolescent↗