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Biomedical subjects

H Turner

Publications and source records attributed to H Turner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States.

A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, the National AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on the prevalence of HIV-related risks in the general heterosexual population, on the distribution of the three largest risk groups across social strata, and on the prevalence and distribution of condom use among heterosexuals reporting a risk factor. Between 15 and 31 percent of heterosexuals nationally and 20 and 41 percent in cities with a high prevalence of AIDS reported an HIV risk factor. Condom use was relatively low. Only 17 percent of those with multiple sexual partners, 12.6 percent of those with risky sexual partners, and 10.8 percent of untested transfusion recipients used condoms all the time. Overall, the results suggest that current HIV prevention programs have, to a very limited extent, reached those heterosexuals with multiple sexual partners but have failed to reach many other groups of the heterosexual population at risk for HIV. New public health strategies may be needed for these specific risk groups.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Infectious entry pathway for canine parvovirus.

We have investigated whether canine parvovirus (CPV) infection involves a low pH-dependent entry pathway. The effects of two lysosomotropic bases, NH4Cl and chloroquine, on CPV entry were studied by immunofluorescence and ultrastructural and biochemical methods. In the presence of these reagents, input virions appear to accumulate in large vacuoles. Ultrastructural studies indicated that uptake of virions takes place predominantly in small uncoated vesicles that appear to fuse with larger vesicles. In the presence of NH4Cl, virions accumulate in the latter structures and their uncoating appears to be prevented. Viral DNA as well as antigen synthesis were found to be significantly inhibited in the presence of these reagents. In addition, inhibition of viral DNA and antigen synthesis appeared to be most extensive when NH4Cl was present from 30 min preinfection, whereas no significant inhibition was observed when the cells were treated after 2 hr postinfection. Thus, the results indicate that CPV requires exposure to low pH in an endosomal compartment to initiate a productive infection.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1992

Expression of SV40 receptors on apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells.

We have investigated the interaction of SV40 virions with polarized monkey kidney epithelial cells. Virions were tagged with biotin to facilitate their detection and were found to retain full infectivity. When polarized Vero C1008 cells were incubated with biotinylated virions followed by a strepavidin-rhodamine conjugate, distinct cell populations were identified which expressed very different levels of SV40 receptors. The parental Vero C1008 cells yielded three types of cell clones which exhibited low, moderate, or predominantly high levels of SV40 binding. Virus-binding assays to each of these clones as well as to parental Vero C1008 cells indicated that the level of SV40 receptor expression is cell-cycle-dependent. The cellular receptors for influenza A virus (WSN strain) were also found to be distributed heterogeneously on polarized epithelial cells. In contrast, in several types of nonpolarized cells, SV40 receptors were found to be uniformly distributed over the monolayer. SV40 binding was not found to correlate with HLA expression on Vero C1008 cells or other cell types. Also in contrast to SV40 receptor expression, which is restricted to the apical domain, HLA was found to be distributed on both apical and basolateral domains of Vero C1008 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Development of the sensory innervation of muscle spindles in the kitten.

This is a report of the changes observed in the pattern of sensory innervation of muscle spindles in hindlimb muscles of kittens during the first four weeks of life. The structural analysis, made on teased, silver-stained preparations, was complemented by a series of recordings of afferent responses of kitten spindles during ramp-and-hold stretches of the muscle. The primary endings of spindles from newborn animals showed a large degree of variability in their branching pattern and branches formed a network across the intrafusal fibres. In older animals there was less variability and lateral branches of stem axons began to encircle the intrafusal fibres. The process of maturation was characterized by a more uniform shape of the endings and more complete, evenly spaced, annulospiral terminals. Recordings of the responses of primary endings of spindles during muscle stretch showed that several features of the adult response were already present in the newborn, although the overall rate of discharge was very much lower. It was concluded that the changes observed in the structure of the sensory endings of kitten spindles did not have clearly identifiable physiological correlates. It appears that an annulospiral shape of the sensory terminals is not a necessary prerequisite for the generation of stretch responses. The predominant factor which appears to determine the responses of spindles to stretch is the maturity of the intrafusal fibres, in particular, the bag2 fibre.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Social support, AIDS-related symptoms, and depression among gay men.

This study examined the impact of social support and HIV-related conditions on depression among 508 gay men participating in the San Francisco Men's Health Study, a population-based prospective study of single men aged 25-54 years. The number of HIV-related symptoms experienced significantly predicted depression cross-sectionally and 1 year later. Satisfaction with each of three types of social support (emotional, practical, informational) was inversely correlated with depression. Men who were more satisfied with the social support they received were less likely to show increased depression 1 year later. Degree of satisfaction with informational support appeared especially critical in buffering the stress associated with experiencing HIV symptoms. These findings offer valuable insight in understanding the psychological needs of gay men confronting the AIDS crisis and have important practical implications for designing mental health services to meet those needs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Changes in condom use among homosexual men in San Francisco.

Employed data from two longitudinal surveys of gay men in San Francisco (a) to examine for cohort (Study 1) and attrition (Studies 1 and 2) bias effects on reported changes in condom use by gay men and (b) to investigate predictors of condom use (Study 2). Substantial increases in condom use were observed, and these changes were unrelated to attrition and cohort bias. In terms of predictors of condom use, men who always used condoms had higher levels of social support from informal sources of help, had more positive expectations that condoms would have positive interpersonal and personal consequences, and were more likely to be HIV positive than men who used condoms occasionally or never. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for HIV-prevention research.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Differential recognition of microfilarial antigens by sera from immigrants into an area endemic for brugian filariasis.

Studies in animal models indicate that antibodies to surface antigens of microfilariae participate in the control of parasitaemia resulting from infections with lymphatic filarial nematodes. In an attempt to identify parasite antigens that elicit such 'protective' host responses, we compared the antigen recognition patterns of persons who remained amicrofilaraemic after 3-6 years of exposure to Brugia malayi with those of individuals who developed patent filariasis during the same period. IgG antibodies in sera from immigrants identified between 0 and 25 microfilarial antigens on Western blots. The highest degree of reactivity was observed with antigens in the 65-75 kD and 20-30 kD ranges, and with a group of high mol. wt antigens (greater than 180 kD). Sera from amicrofilaraemic donors preferentially reacted with 70/75 kD microfilarial antigens. A proportion of such sera inhibited the binding of monoclonal antibody MF1 to its target epitope; eight of nine inhibitory sera were from patients with active infections, evidenced by the presence of microfilariae or filarial antigens in the donors' blood, but who were amicrofilaraemic. These results indicate that some amicrofilaraemic residents of areas where brugian filariasis is endemic develop immune reactions to a microfilarial stage-specific antigen that was previously identified as a potentially 'protective' parasite antigen in animal models of lymphatic filariasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Older Americans and AIDS: transmission risks and primary prevention research needs.

The growing number of AIDS cases among older Americans (50 years and older) is of increasing concern. In the context of primary prevention, findings are reviewed that bear on the modes of HIV transmission (blood transfusion, sexual) among older individuals and knowledge of the magnitude of the AIDS problem represented by these routes of infection. Lastly, a proposed research agenda is focused on questions of primary prevention of HIV transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Campylobacter pylori in patients undergoing gastroscopy at Goroka Base Hospital.

Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 53 consecutive highlanders presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in 31 patients (58%). Campylobacter pylori was cultured from 17 patients (32%). The bacteria were present in 16 (76%) of the 21 patients with gastric ulcer. Histological studies carried out in 25 patients showed gastritis in 21 (84%) and the bacteria were present in all 8 cases of active chronic gastritis and in 5 of 13 cases (38%) of chronic gastritis. These results suggest that infection may play an important role in the aetiology of gastritis and gastric ulcer in Papua New Guinea.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The Traumatic Coma Data Bank: a nursing perspective, Part I.

The Traumatic Coma Data Bank (TCDB) was a collaborative project undertaken to study the nature and causes of severe head injury, allowing patients similar in age, severity of insults and neurological and physical symptoms to be compared in terms of outcome. Systematic uniform data were collected during the prehospital, acute and rehabilitative phases on 581 patients from 6 centers during the pilot phase of the TCDB, June 1, 1979 through May 31, 1982. The pilot phase successfully determined that a collaborative approach to studying head injury was feasible and additional information gained was incorporated into the main phase April, 1983 through April, 1988. A description of the TCDB population as of this writing (730 patients) is included here.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The Traumatic Coma Data Bank: a nursing perspective, Part II.

The Traumatic Coma Data Bank (TCDB) was a collaborative project undertaken to study the nature and course of severe head injury. Evolution of nursing goals includes collection of data, communication, new clinical observations, designing future research projects, education and legislative impact. Management issues inherent in the collaborative research project are defining, collecting, entering, and analyzing and publishing results.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1987

Motor response study.

This study investigated whether the pattern of abnormal motor responses is affected by the site of stimulation and the initial position of the upper extremity. Our findings did not demonstrate a significant correlation between site of stimulation and limb position, with the exception of extensor posturing, which occurred more frequently regardless of stimulation or limb position.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Pressure-volume index in head injury.

The authors studied intracranial pressure (ICP) and intracranial compliance as defined by the pressure-volume index (PVI) in 34 severely head-injured patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less. The objective of the research was to determine if there was a correlation between the pressure-volume status and subsequent increase in ICP. The PVI and ICP measurements were obtained serially, and the temporal course of the pressure-volume status and ICP was determined during the 5-day period following injury. Aggressiveness of ICP was quantified by a therapy intensity level scale. A clear relationship between the PVI measured soon after injury and subsequent development of ICP emerged. Following mechanical trauma the PVI is reduced, and the degree of reduction and extent of biomechanical recovery are closely related to outcome and development of raised ICP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Three collaborative research projects involving neuroscience nurses.

Traumatic head injury and stroke affect millions of persons in the United States each year. Neuroscience nurses have the unique opportunity to be involved in collaborative research projects concerning these health problems. The goal of much research on head injury and stroke is to increase the qualitative survival of patients. This paper describes three collaborative clinical research projects that have involved neuroscience nurses. How nurses have influenced and been influenced by various aspects of these projects, the roles they played in the projects, and associated nursing implications are discussed.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1978

Assessment of a diagnostic dip-stick for assaying plasma or serum pseudocholinesterase activity.

A diagnostic dip-stick for measuring pseudocholinesterase activity has been assessed by 4 participants and compared with a standard spectrophotometric method. Duplicate dip-stick estimations (measured in kU/l) corresponded closely, and concurrence between participants was good. The dip-stick estimate of cholinesterase was consistently lower than the spectrophotometric value; the magnitude of this deviation depended on the absolute enzyme activity. With enzyme activities of up to 1 kU/l the dip-stick value was 1 unit lower. Between 1 and 4 kU/l the dip-stick estimate compared well with the spectrophotometric value. From 5 to 7 kU/l and beyond 7 kU/l the negative deviation recorded by the dip-stick increased to 2 units or more. Normal enzyme activity is 3 - 6 kU/l. Over the 1 - 4 kU/l range the method is most accurate, thus negative deviation below 1 kU/l or above 4 kU/l is generally diagnostically irrelevant. On the basis of cost, convenience, speed and accuracy this method will suffice in the absence of sophisticated assay facilities.

Apnea↗