PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H Vidrio

Publications and source records attributed to H Vidrio.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Interaction between isoniazid and diverse vasodilators: role of decreased cerebral GABA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the interaction between isoniazid and hydralazine, consisting of increased hypotension accompanied by bradycardia, occurs with other vasodilators. METHODS: Blood pressure and heart rate responses to a number of vasodilators were determined in rats under chloralose-urethane, pretreated or not with 250 mg/kg of isoniazid. The influence of this dose of isoniazid on GABA levels in the hypothalamus and pons-medulla was assessed in other groups of rats. RESULTS: Increased hypotension and bradycardia following i.p. isoniazid were observed with dipyridamole, prazosin, pinacidil and hydralazine given i.v. Bradycardia without increased hypotension appeared with papaverine and verapamil, while increased hypotension with unchanged heart rate was observed with minoxidil and captopril. Isoniazid decreased GABA in the hypothalamus and pons-medulla. CONCLUSIONS: At the high dose used, isoniazid interacts with various vasodilators, irrespective of their mechanism of action. The interaction could be due to the influence of the drug on GABA levels at cardiovascular regulatory sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Potentiation by isoniazid of relaxation induced by nitrovasodilators in rat aorta.

The influence of isoniazid (ISO) preincubation on the relaxant effects of a group of nitrovasodilators was examined in norepinephrine-contracted rat aortic rings with and without endothelium. ISO displaced to the left the dose-response curves to all nitrovasodilators and increased the negative logarithm of their median effective concentration (EC50) values. Potentiation was minimal with sodium nitrite and increased progressively with sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin (NTG), and isosorbide dinitrate. The phenomenon occurred in rings with and without endothelium and was not seen with the nitric oxide-releasing agent acetylcholine or with the nonspecific vasodilator hydralazine. These results confirm previous observations of potentiation of NTG vasorelaxation by ISO and extend them to other nitrovasodilators. Potentiation is attributed to the previously postulated inhibition by ISO of pyridoxal-requiring enzymes involved in the breakdown of homocysteine, leading to its intracellular accumulation. Increased availability of this sulfhydryl donor would lead in turn to enhanced bioactivation and vasorelaxant effects of nitrovasodilators. The different degrees of potentiation observed would be related to the sulfhydryl requirement of each compound for bioactivation. Alternatively, enhanced bioactivation of the nitrovasodilators could be due to induction by ISO of P-450 enzymes involved in this process.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Tachyphylaxis and sensitization to nicotine-induced tachycardiac and pressor effects after nicotine infusions.

This work examined the effects of nicotine on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in non-anesthetized spinal rats. Nicotine (200 mg/kg) was administered as a single bolus, as infusions lasting 7.5, 15 or 30 min, and as a post-infusion bolus. A nicotine bolus increased pressure and rate. These effects were less marked as the rate of infusion decreased. The infusions affected differentially the effects of a subsequent bolus. Thus, while tachycardia was decreased, the blood pressure rise was increased. An initial transient bradycardia was observed after bolus administration, but not during infusions; this effect was unchanged after post-infusion boluses. Pharmacological analysis indicated that tachycardia and bradycardia were predominantly due to ganglionic stimulation, while adrenal and sympathetic nerve catecholamine release played a major role in the pressor response. These results indicate that slow nicotine infusions do not induce tachyphylaxis for all of the cardiovascular effects of a subsequent bolus, and that development of acute tolerance appears to depend on the mechanism of action of the response.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cardiovascular effects of (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl in rats.

The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 micrograms/kg. BP began to decrease immediately after drug administration, and in no case was an initial pressor response observed. Previous vagotomy (VX) or pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not affect hypotension. Bradycardia was inhibited by VX, but only 60 min after administration of HU-210; it was enhanced by 6-OHDA. The cannabinoid blocked reflex bradycardia induced by phenylephrine (PE). HU-210 also decreased BP and HR in conscious rats. Hypotension lasted 2 h, whereas bradycardia was still present 8 h after drug administration. HU-210 thus shares with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the ability to decrease BP and HR, but is 5-10 times more potent than the natural compound. Its lack of an initial pressor effect, such as that described for THC, could be related to its specificity for the type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor. Hypotension and bradycardia after HU-210 administration are not due to sympathetic withdrawal. Enhanced parasympathetic tone is involved in bradycardia only at a late stage of the response.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of heart rate responses to hydralazine in normotensive and hypertensive rats.

Hydralazine (H) induces hypotension accompanied by cardiac stimulation due to activation of the arterial baroreflex. Both clinical and experimental observations suggest, however, that in certain conditions H hypotension can be accompanied by unchanged or even depressed cardiac performance. The present study determined whether varying patterns of heart rate responses could be detected in large populations of conscious normotensive (n = 61) and renal hypertensive (n = 59) rats receiving a single dose of H. These patterns were compared with those of normotensive pentobarbital-anesthetized rats (n = 43). In the three groups, hypotension was accompanied by either tachycardia, unchanged heart rate or bradycardia. Tachycardia was found in 52% of normotensive conscious rats, in 51% of hypertensives and in only 14% of anesthetized animals. Heart rate did not change in 26, 35 and 23%, while bradycardia was detected in 22, 14 and 63%, respectively. These results were explained by postulating the initiation by H of two reflexes with opposite effects on heart rate: the arterial baroreflex producing tachycardia and a cardiac mechanoreceptor reflex producing bradycardia. These reactions would compete with each other, with results depending on their relative sensitivity in a given animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacology of Casimiroa edulis; III. Relaxant and contractile effects in rat aortic rings.

The relaxant and contractile effects of an aqueous extract of the seeds of the hypotensive plant Casimiroa edulis were investigated in rat aortic rings. The extract inhibited contractions elicited by noradrenaline, serotonin and prostaglandin F2 alpha, but did not affect responses to KCl. Inhibition did not require the presence of intact vascular endothelium and was not affected by histamine antagonists. In this preparation, the extract also elicited concentration-related contractions which were more marked in the absence of endothelium, were not blocked by histamine antagonists, and were completely suppressed by alpha-adrenergic blockade. It was concluded that the relaxant effect of the extract is not exerted through release of an endothelial relaxing factor nor through blockade of calcium channels or of specific smooth muscle receptors, and does not involve histaminergic mechanisms. The contractile effect is modulated by vascular endothelium and is alpha-adrenergic in nature.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1994

Potentiation of cardiovascular responses to hydralazine by diverse hydrazine derivatives.

After the observation that in anesthetized rats the antitubercular agent isoniazid potentiates the hypotensive effect of the vasodilator hydralazine (H) and transforms the accompanying reflex tachycardia to bradycardia, a number of hydrazine (HYD) derivatives were tested for this interaction in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. All HYDs studied elicited this response in varying degrees, isoniazid, thiosemicarbazide and thiocarbohydrazide being the most active. Experiments were then carried out to explore the possibility of an influence of the HYDs on reflex reactions to H due to interaction with pyridoxal, inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase and decreased levels of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid. Although the H-HYDs interaction was prevented by vagotomy, it was unaffected by exogenous pyridoxal, did not occur with the alpha adrenergic antagonist prazosin and was not mimicked by non-HYD pyridoxal reactors. In other experiments, pharmacokinetic interactions and monoamine oxidase inhibition were ruled out as alternative explanations for this phenomenon. It was concluded that the H-HYDs interaction is not related to a possible influence of these drugs on central gamma-aminobutyric acid cardiovascular regulation and that other presently unknown mechanisms are involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacology of Casimiroa edulis; Part I. Blood pressure and heart rate effects in the anesthetized rat.

The effect of an alcoholic extract of seeds of Casimiroa edulis on blood pressure and heart rate was determined in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and compared with that of histamine. The extract induced hypotension, accompanied at high doses by tachycardia. Hypotension after histamine was more transient and was not accompanied by changes in heart rate. Experiments with a variety of autonomic antagonists revealed that extract-induced hypotension was not mediated by histamine H2, muscarinic, or beta-adrenergic receptors, but involved an H1 mechanism. After H1 blockade, the depressor response was reversed to a pressor effect, mediated by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. The increase in heart rate was due in part to H1 and in part to beta-adrenergic receptor activation. It was suggested that imidazole derivatives could be responsible for the depressor effect observed. The pressor response could be caused by these or other components of the extract.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacology of Casimiroa edulis; II. Cardiovascular effects in the anesthesized dog.

The cardiovascular effects of an aqueous extract of seeds of Casimiroa edulis were assessed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The extract produced marked hypotension which lasted more than two hours; it was accompanied by moderate and less persistent bradycardia. The histaminergic nature of these effects was investigated in animals pretreated with the specific antagonists diphenhydramine, cimetidine, or a combination of both agents. These experiments showed that both H1- and H2-receptors were involved in the hypotensive response, while the bradycardia was mediated solely through an H1-mechanism. In open-chest dogs instrumented for recording cardiac output (ascending aortic flow), left ventricular contractility (dp/dt), central venous pressure (superior vena cava), systemic blood pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance and stroke volume, the extract decreased blood pressure and peripheral resistance and increased cardiac output and stroke volume, without modifying the other parameters. It was concluded that the cardiovascular pattern of Casimiroa edulis in the dog is that of a peripheral arterial vasodilator and that it increases cardiac output by reducing left ventricular afterload.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of histamine on atrial and ventricular contractility in the canine isovolumic heart.

The effects of intracoronary administration of histamine on atrial and ventricular contractility were determined in a paced canine isovolumic heart preparation. Contractility was assessed by recording the pressure developed in saline-filled balloons placed in each of the four cardiac chambers. At doses above 0.1 mg and up to 100 mg histamine produced dose-related positive inotropic responses in all chambers. These were preceded by transient negative effects. The positive responses were not affected by a combination of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists antazoline and cimetidine but were almost completely abolished by the beta adrenoceptor blocker timolol. The negative responses were uninfluenced by either treatment. It was concluded that, in the canine isovolumic heart not subjected to complicating chronotropic and extracardiac factors, moderate doses of histamine are devoid of inotropic effects. Higher doses do produce myocardial stimulation, not mediated by histamine receptors, but probably due to norepinephrine release. These responses are preceded by transient non-specific depressant effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Interaction with pyridoxal as a possible mechanism of hydralazine hypotension.

The mechanism by which the antihypertensive vasodilator hydralazine relaxes vascular smooth muscle is unknown. The drug interacts with pyridoxal and can produce B6 deficiency; it also inhibits a number of enzymes requiring pyridoxal as a cofactor, but there is no apparent relation between its enzymatic and blood pressure effects. To explore the possibility of a hydralazine-pyridoxal interaction at a nonenzymatic site, the acute hypotensive response to hydralazine was determined by tail cuff blood pressure (BP) measurements in conscious normotensive rats pretreated or not pretreated with pyridoxine. Other animals were pretreated with isoniazid, a drug also capable of reacting with pyridoxal. Responses to hydralazine were diminished by pyridoxine and enhanced by isoniazid; those to the vasodilator diazoxide or to the alpha-adrenergic blocker zolertine were unaffected by such pretreatments. The inhibitory effect of pyridoxine was absent when rats were pretreated with the calcium antagonists verapamil or cinnarizine. Hydralazine hypotension in anesthetized rats was also reduced by pyridoxal pretreatment. These results suggest that at least part of hydralazine-induced hypotension may be related to interaction with pyridoxal, possibly through interference with an effect of the vitamer on calcium and/or sodium transport into vascular smooth muscle.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1987

Repeated administration of adenosine increases its cardiovascular effects in rats.

Hypotensive and negative chronotropic responses to adenosine in anesthetized rats increased after previous administration of the nucleoside. Bradycardia after adenosine in the isolated perfused rat heart was also potentiated after repeated administration at short intervals. This self-potentiation could be due to extracellular accumulation of adenosine and persistent stimulation of receptors caused by saturation or inhibition of cellular uptake of adenosine.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1987

Reversal by hypothermia of vasodilator-induced tachycardia in anesthetized rats.

The normal cardiovascular response to hydralazine in urethane-anesthetized rats, i.e. hypotension and tachycardia, was changed to hypotension and bradycardia if the body temperature of the animals was not maintained constant by external heating, but was allowed to decrease spontaneously throughout the experiment. A similar phenomenon was observed with diazoxide. In rats maintained at a rectal temperature of 31 degrees C, hydralazine bradycardia was partially blocked by a low dose of atropine and was reversed to tachycardia by a high dose of this agent; mecamylamine failed to influence heart rate lowering in this condition. Heart rate responses in unheated animals to acetylcholine and isopropylarterenol were respectively potentiated and depressed when compared to responses in heated rats. These findings suggest that cold-induced reciprocal changes in reactivity of cardiac muscarinic and beta-adrenoceptors may be responsible for reversal of hydralazine or diazoxide tachycardia in urethane-anesthetized hypothermic rats. As a result, cardiac stimulation by the sympatho-adrenal discharge induced by hypotension is inhibited, while cardiac depression which is apparently also induced by hypotension, is facilitated. It is speculated that vasopressin, released as a consequence of the blood pressure fall, could be this negative chronotropic factor.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1986

Role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the reflex tachycardia produced by hydralazine in the anesthetized rat.

The role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the production of tachycardia accompanying the hypotensive response to hydralazine was studied in urethane-anesthetized rats subjected to previous bilateral adrenal demedullation or to pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine and compared with intact control animals. The prolonged hypotension induced by the vasodilator was not affected by these maneuvers, but the slowly developing tachycardia was reversed to bradycardia, which in the demedullated group was followed after 60 min by a moderate increase in heart rate. In the chemically sympathectomized rats, the cardiac depressant response was completely blocked by pretreatment with atropine. In additional experiments, previous administration of methylatropine enhanced hydralazine tachycardia, but atropine partially inhibited this response and changed its time course to mirror that of the hypotension. These results indicate that in urethane-anesthetized rats, hydralazine tachycardia is mediated by sympatho-adrenal activation and that it is accompanied by a simultaneous heart rate-lowering parasympathetic discharge normally masked by the predominant tachycardia. They further suggest that the tachycardia is facilitated by a muscarinic mechanism which modulates central sympathetic influences on cardiovascular function.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1986

Electrocardiographic effects of toluene in the anesthetized rat.

The influence of inhalation of near lethal quantities of toluene on some ECG parameters, as well as the possible cardiac sensitizing effect of the solvent, were determined in chloralose-anesthetized rats. These actions were compared with those of its close analogue benzene. Both solvents produced tachycardia; toluene increased the duration of QRS and specially PR, while benzene decreased P wave duration. No other systematic changes in ECG morphology or evidence of arrhythmia were observed. Toluene appeared to decrease the number of ectopic beats induced by epinephrine, in contrast to benzene, which increased it markedly. These results suggest that toluene administered by inhalation up to near lethal doses is devoid of untoward ECG effect in the chloralose-anesthetized rat, its only action being a decrease in intraventricular and particularly AV conduction. It does not share the myocardial sensitizing properties of benzene and in fact appears to elicit some protection from the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine, although no definite conclusions as to this action can be derived due to limitations in the experimental model used.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1985

The influence of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on the cardiovascular effects of hydralazine in rats.

In order to explore the postulated role of prostaglandins in the vasodilator effects of hydralazine, blood pressure and heart rate responses to the drug were determined in anesthetized and conscious rats with and without pretreatment with indomethacin or aspirin. Changes in rectal temperature were also measured. In control animals, hydralazine produced an almost immediate fall in blood pressure and a slowly developing tachycardia which bore no temporal relation with the hypotension. These effects were accompanied by a moderate increase in temperature. Pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors did not reduce the blood pressure response, but completely blocked and in some cases reversed the tachycardia. The hyperthermic response was also reversed. These results can be taken as evidence for a role of prostaglandins in the tachycardia and hyperthermia, but not in the hypotension elicited by hydralazine in rats. In the absence of direct measurements of prostaglandin synthesis and release, however, no firm support for this possibility is offered by the present findings and alternative explanations are considered.

Animals↗