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H Y Neujahr

Publications and source records attributed to H Y Neujahr.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

A fermentor culture for production of recombinant phenol hydroxylase.

Fermentor cultures using the fed-batch technique produced the FAD-containing enzyme phenol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.7) originated in the lower eukaryote Trichosporon cutaneum, but expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the tac promoter. At 30 degrees C and isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentrations of 0.5-2 mM, the enzyme protein was expressed to high cellular content, but aggregated into inclusion bodies. At 25 degrees C similar levels of enzyme protein were synthesized after induction with 0.05 mM IPTG, but a soluble, active enzyme was obtained. The active enzyme was produced at up to 45% of total protein and constituted more than 50% of soluble protein. The total yield was 5 g x liter-1. The FAD content of the cells increased after induction at a rate not limiting the formation of active enzyme. The enzyme was purified in two chromatographic steps. The N-terminal amino acid residue and the kinetic properties of the purified recombinant enzyme were similar to those reported for the enzyme from T. cutaneum.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1992

Phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum: gene cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression in Escherichia coli.

A cDNA clone encoding phenol hydroxylase from the soil yeast Trichosporon cutaneum was isolated and characterized. The clone was identified by hybridization screening of a bacteriophage lambda ZAP-based cDNA library with an oligonucleotide probe which corresponded to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The cDNA encodes a protein consisting of 664 amino acids. Amino acid sequences of a number of peptides obtained by Edman degradation of various cleavage products of the purified enzyme were identified in the cDNA-derived sequence. The phenol hydroxylase cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli to yield high levels of active enzyme. The E. coli-derived phenol hydroxylase is very similar to the T. cutaneum enzyme with respect to the range of substrates acted upon, inhibition by excess phenol, and the order of magnitude of kinetic parameters in the overall reaction. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of phenol hydroxylase gene-related sequences in a number of T. cutaneum and Trichosporon beigelii strains and in Cryptococcus elinovii but not in Trichosporon pullulans, Trichosporon penicillatum, or Candida tropicalis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Arginyl residues in the NADPH-binding sites of phenol hydroxylase.

Phenol hydroxylase was inactivated by the arginine reagents 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and phenylglyoxal. The cosubstrate NADPH, as well as NADPH+ and several analogues thereof, protected the enzyme against inactivation. Phenol did not protect the activity against any of the reagents used, nor did modification by 2,3-butanedione affect the binding of phenol. We propose the presence of arginyl residues in the binding sites for the adenosine phosphate part of NADPH.

Arginine↗
PubMed1991

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of phenol hydroxylase contains a dinucleotide-binding sequence motif.

The N-terminal sequence of phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum was determined by Edman degradation of the integral protein and of fragments obtained by hydroxylamine cleavage and by digestion with Staphylococcus V8 protease. A continuous sequence of 80 residues from the N terminus was determined: TKYSESYCDV10, LIVGAGPAGL20 MAARVLSEYV30 RQKPDLKVRI40 IDKRSTKVYN50 GQADGLQCRT60 LESLKNLRLA70 DKIXSEXNDM80. A single N-terminal sequence was detected, suggesting two identical subunits in the dimeric enzyme. We suggest the occurrence of an FAD-binding site near the N terminus. The C-terminal sequence is -LSTA, as determined by carboxypeptidase digestion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Amino acid sequences around the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-binding sites of phenol hydroxylase.

Phenol hydroxylase was labelled with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. A radioactive label was introduced by using sodium boro[3H]hydride to reduce the initially formed Schiff's base. The labelled enzyme was digested with Staphylococcus V8 protease. Labelled peptides were isolated and their sequences were determined. The label could be located to three different lysyl residues. Sequence similarities with the known structures of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase and glutathione reductase are discussed. The positions of the labelled sequences, relative to the bound ligands at the active site, are proposed on the basis of such sequence similarities.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Activation enthalpies and pH dependence of phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum, in vitro and in situ.

The effect of pH and temperature on phenol hydroxylase in vitro was compared to the corresponding effect on the enzyme in situ, in permeabilized cells. Activation enthalpies in situ were about 75-80% of those in vitro, in both cases decreasing with increasing pH (6.0-8.5). The order of addition of phenol and NADPH affected the Km values for phenol at 25 degrees C, but not at 10 degrees C. The results support the idea that the enzyme in situ is in a more favourable position for catalysis than the purified enzyme and that slow conformational changes, triggered by binding of phenol, become rate limiting above 10 degrees C.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed1988

Thiol- and pH-modulated slow conformational changes and cooperativity of phenol-binding sites in phenol hydroxylase.

Spectrophotometric titration of phenol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.7) with phenol indicated interacting sites for phenol binding. In the absence of added thiol, the cooperativity was positive up to a pH around 8.0 but negative at higher pH values. With added thiol-ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the cooperativity was negative at all investigated pH values. Conversely, a corresponding titration of an enzyme preparation that had been selectively modified in its two most reactive SH groups indicated positive cooperativity at all studied pH values. This selective modification affects the activity of the enzyme to a very minor degree, in contrast to more extensive SH blocking, which displaces flavin adenine dinucleotide with a corresponding loss of activity [Neujahr, H. Y., & Gaal, A. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 58, 351-357]. The reactivity of SH groups in the enzyme was significantly decreased after turnover. Thiol treatment restored it to that of the native enzyme. Adding phenol prior to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the assay of phenol hydroxylase gave immediate linearity and higher initial rates than when NADPH was added first. In the absence of added thiol, there was then a shift of the pH optimum. The results indicate slow conformational changes limiting the rate of the overall reaction. The two most reactive SH groups of phenol hydroxylase, though not participating in any obvious redox reactions, are important for these slow conformational changes and for the cooperativity of phenol-binding sites, wherein the anionic S- forms may be involved (pKa for cysteine is 8.35).

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1988

Induction of high-affinity phenol uptake in glycerol-grown Trichosporon cutaneum.

Two uptake systems for phenol are identified in Trichosporon cutaneum. One is an inducible, high-affinity system, sensitive to protonophores. It is induced coordinately with phenol hydroxylase but can operate independently of phenol metabolism. The other is a constitutive, low-affinity system with different specificity and different pH optimum. It is not sensitive to protonophores.

Anisomycin↗
PubMed1987

Phenol hydroxylase from yeast. A model for phenol binding and an improved purification procedure.

The binding of phenol to phenol hydroxylase was studied by equilibrium dialysis, spectrophotometric titration and by steady-state kinetics. A binding model with two identical, negatively cooperative, effector/substrate-binding sites per enzyme dimer is proposed. The spectral perturbation caused by phenol and the kinetics of the overall reaction were analysed with relation to the enzyme-phenol complexes of the binding model. The main part of the spectral perturbation as well as of the increase in NADPH oxidation rate was achieved by one molecule of phenol bound per enzyme dimer. The properties of different enzyme-phenol complexes, in terms of spectral changes, hydroxylase activity, oxidase activity and substrate inhibition are discussed. A new purification procedure is described.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed1987

Chemical modification of phenol hydroxylase by ethoxyformic anhydride.

Phenol hydroxylase was inactivated by ethoxyformic anhydride. Part of the inactivation was related to modification of histidyl residues. The remaining part of the inactivation is proposed to be due to the modification of a lysyl residue which, we suggest, is identical with the one previously described, being essential for the binding of NADPH [Neujahr, H. Y. and Kjellén, K. G. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 4967-4972]. The overall inactivation reaction is biphasic and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Numerical analysis of kinetic data was applied to discriminate between simultaneous reactions at different sites. It is proposed that phenol hydroxylase contains two essential histidyl residues, located in or near the NADPH-binding sites. Ethoxyformylation of the lysyl residue(s) caused tightening of the binding of phenol and perturbation of the FAD spectrum of phenol hydroxylase, similar to that caused by phenolic effectors.

Diethyl Pyrocarbonate↗
PubMed1987

In situ and in vitro kinetics of phenol hydroxylase.

The half saturation constant for phenol was much lower with phenol hydroxylase in situ than with the purified enzyme, whereas the constant for NADPH was higher. In both cases, the linearized plots of the Michaelis-Menten equation were biphasic and the half saturation constants for all phenolic substrates were several times lower, when the phenol was added to the assay medium before NADPH, than when NADPH was added first. There was a similar, but much smaller, effect on the half saturation constants for NADPH. The V-values were not affected by the order of addition. The results suggest slow conformational changes in the enzyme during the overall reaction, which seem even slower, when the enzyme is measured in situ.

Catechols↗
PubMed1986

Transport and hydrolysis of disaccharides by Trichosporon cutaneum.

Trichosporon cutaneum is shown to utilize six disaccharides, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, melibiose, and trehalose. T. cutaneum can thus be counted with the rather restricted group of yeasts (11 to 12% of all investigated) which can utilize lactose and melibiose. The half-saturation constants for uptake were 10 +/- 3 mM sucrose or lactose and 5 +/- 1 mM maltose, which is of the same order of magnitude as those reported for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results indicate that maltose shares a common transport system with sucrose and that there may be some interaction between the uptake systems for lactose, cellobiose, and glucose. Lactose, cellobiose, and melibiose are hydrolyzed by cell wall-bound glycosidase(s), suggesting hydrolysis before or in connection with uptake. In contrast, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose seem to be taken up as such. The uptake of sucrose and lactose is dependent on a proton gradient across the cell membrane. In contrast, there were no indications of the involvement of gradients of H+, K+, or Na+ in the uptake of maltose. The uptake of lactose is to a large extent inducible, as is the corresponding glycosidase. Also the glycosidases for cellobiose, trehalose, and melibiose are inducible. In contrast, the uptake of sucrose and maltose and the corresponding glycosidases is constitutive.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1985

Uptake of phenol by Trichosporon cutaneum.

The soil yeast Trichosporon cutaneum, which is distinguished by having a strictly oxidative metabolism, can be induced to utilize phenol as a sole carbon source. The present paper shows that such phenol-induced cells contain a specific, energy-dependent uptake system for phenol. Phenol uptake is not directly linked to its o-hydroxylation inside the cell, the first step of phenol metabolism. The Km for uptake is 235 +/- 30 microM, that for hydroxylation only 4.5 +/- 0.5 microM. Further, the phenol analog 2,6-dimethylphenol, which can not be hydroxylated, competes with phenol for the uptake system. The pH dependence of uptake indicates that phenolate is an essential form during the uptake process. The energy requirement for phenol uptake is indicated by effects of various inhibitors of energy generation, including proton-conducting uncouplers. Direct monitoring of proton movements in a pH-stat during phenol uptake indicates a phenol-proton symport. One proton is cotransported with every phenol molecule. Phenol competes with the uptake of sucrose and glycerol by cells grown on these substrates. Under such conditions the uptake of phenol seems to proceed through a different system, with lower affinity for phenol than in phenol-grown cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1981

Induction of phenol-metabolizing enzymes in Trichosporon cutaneum.

Some aspects of the induction of enzymes participating in the metabolism of phenol and resorcinol in Trichosporon cutaneum were studied using intact cells and cell-free preparations. Activities of phenol hydroxylase (1.14.13.7), catechol 1,2-oxygenase (1.13, 11.1), cis-cis-muconate cyclase (5.5.1.-), delactonizing enzyme(s) and maleolylacetate reductase were 50-400 times higher in fully induced cells than in noninduced cells. In addition to phenol and resorcinol, also catechol, cresols and fluorophenols could induce phenol hydroxylase. The induction was severely inhibited by phenol concentrations higher than 1 mM. Using optimum inducer concentrations (0.01-0.10 mM), it took more than 8 h to obtain full induction, whether in proliferating or in nonproliferating cells. Phenol hydroxylase, catechol 1,2-oxygenase and cis, cis-muconate cyclase were induced simultaneously. The synthesis of the de-lactonizing activity was delayed in relation to these three preceeding enzymes of the pathway. High glucose concentration (over 15 mM) inhibited completely the induction of phenol oxidation by nonproliferating cells. It also inhibited phenol oxidation by pre-induced cells. Among the NADPH-generating enzymes, the activity of iso-citrate dehydrogenase was elevated in cells grown on phenol and resorcinol instead of glucose.

Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase↗
PubMed1980

Phenol hydroxylase from yeast: a lysyl residue essential for binding of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

The inducible enzyme phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum is a FAD-containing monooxygenase which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of phenol to catechol. The enzyme contains 16 cysteinyl residues, 6--8 of which are essential for retention of FAD and for activity. The complete amino acid composition is now reported as well as the results of studies with amino group reagents. A number of amino group reagents inhibit the enzyme severely, most of them with a concomitant, more or less extensive release of FAD. P-pyridoxal inhibits the enzyme specifically, without affecting its FAD content. The P-pyridoxal modified enzyme has a characteristic absorption peak at 325 nm indicating the presence of a N epsilon-pyridoxyllysyl derivative. Such a derivative was identified in hydrolysates of the modified enzyme by means of column chromatography. The results obtained with P-pyridoxal-modified enzyme indicate that a lysyl residue is essential for activity by being involved in binding of the co-substrate NADPH. These results are corroborated by kinetic studies showing competition between P-pyridoxal and NADPH for the binding site. The reactivity of the essential lysyl residue toward P-pyridoxal is significantly increased in the presence of phenol. Inhibition by excess phenol shifts toward lower concentrations in the presence of P-pyridoxal. On the basis of the present results together with previous findings, we propose that phenol acts as a substrate effector by causing a conformation change which exposes a reactive lysyl residue with a concomitant burying of the essential SH groups and a tighter attachment of FAD.

Amino Acids↗