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H von Bahr-Lindström

Publications and source records attributed to H von Bahr-Lindström.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Cloning and characterization of the human ADH4 gene.

Human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) constitutes a set of isozymes and enzymes with different tissue and substrate specificities. The subunits are coded for by at least five gene loci, ADH1-ADH5. We now report the cloning and analysis of the human ADH4 gene coding for the class-II ADH with pi-subunits. The gene spans a region of 21 kb and is divided into nine exons and eight introns. The arrangement is the same as for all analyzed mammalian class-I genes, but the region covered is 50% larger than that in the human class-I genes. The nucleotide (nt) sequences of the exons, exon/intron boundaries and 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions were determined. The transcription start point (tsp) of the ADH4 gene was defined by primer extension and localized to a position 61 nt upstream from the ATG start codon. A TATA box and a CAAT element were identified by homology to consensus sequences for tsp. No DNA structures homologous to the glucocorticoid-responsive elements (GRE) present in the ADH2 gene were found in the upstream region of the ADH4 gene, but two structures with a 70% identity to the GRE consensus sequence were found at nonhomologous locations. The difference and the overall low degree of identity, 41%, of the upstream regions suggest different regulatory mechanisms for the class-I and class-II genes.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1988

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase from horse liver. Correlations of the same species variants for both the cytosolic and the mitochondrial forms of an enzyme.

The primary structure of the mitochondrial form of horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase has been determined, utilizing peptide analyses and homology with other enzyme forms. The subunit exhibits N-terminal heterogeneity in size similar to that for the corresponding human mitochondrial protein, the longest form having 500 residues. Catalase was identified as a contaminant of the preparations. All four pairs within a set of aldehyde dehydrogenases can now be compared, including the same two species variants (horse and human) for both the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme, revealing characteristic differences although Cys-302 and other segments of presumed functional importance are unchanged. The cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes are clearly different (172 exchanges in the horse pair; 160 exchanges in the human pair) and the mitochondrial forms are more conserved (28 exchanges of 500 residues) than the cytosolic ones (43 exchanges). Distributions of the residue substitutions also differ between the two enzyme types. These results suggest a comparatively distant separation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes into forms with separate functional constraints that are more strict on the mitochondrial than the cytosolic enzyme. Unexpectedly, positions with residues unique to one of the four enzymes are about twice as common in both of the horse proteins than in either of the human proteins. This difference may reflect a general pattern for human/non-human proteins, showing that not only functional properties of the protein, but also other factors, such as generation time (longer in man than in horse), are important for enzyme divergence.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of gene expression of class I alcohol dehydrogenase by glucocorticoids.

The effect of glucocorticoids on gene expression of rat class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) was investigated. A cDNA clone for the beta-subunit of human ADH (ADH2) was used to analyze class I ADH mRNA levels in rat hepatoma cells, which are known to contain a functional glucocorticoid receptor. RNA gel blot analysis of total cellular RNA isolated from these cells showed hybridization of the human ADH2 cDNA probe to a single approximately equal to 1500-base RNA species. Treatment of the cells with dexamethasone (0.1 nM to 1 microM) caused a dose-dependent increase in total cellular class I ADH mRNA levels by a factor of 2-4. Maximal levels were reached within 18-24 hr of treatment. This effect was reversible following withdrawal of dexamethasone. The glucocorticoid induction of class I ADH mRNA does not seem to require ongoing protein synthesis since treatment of the cells with cycloheximide did not affect the increase in class I ADH mRNA levels by dexamethasone. The human ADH2 gene contains both upstream and within the coding region sequence motifs that display homology with response elements of genes positively regulated by glucocorticoids. These data suggest a receptor-mediated transcriptional enhancement of the ADH2 gene as the mechanism of regulation. However, analysis of RNA decay in cells treated with actinomycin D indicates that the dexamethasone-induced increase in class I ADH mRNA might, at least in part, be due to enhanced ADH mRNA stability.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of a heterogeneous camel milk whey non-casein protein.

A milk protein, occurring in the whey fraction, has been characterized from camel milk. Determination of the primary structure reveals the existence of two related types of chain with residue differences in at least the N-terminal region. A fragment representing an N-terminal part of the protein was also recovered (heterogeneous at the same positions). The absence of cysteine residues in the protein shows that no disulphide bridges are present. The pattern of fragments and a parent protein resembles that for casein and its fragments, showing that fragments and a multiplicity of forms may be typical for different milk proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Structure of the class II enzyme of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: combined cDNA and protein sequence determination of the pi subunit.

The class II enzyme of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase was isolated, carboxymethylated, and cleaved with CNBr and proteolytic enzymes. Sequence analysis of peptides established structures corresponding to the pi subunit. Two segments from the C-terminal region unique to pi were selected for synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes to screen a human liver cDNA library constructed in plasmid pT4. Sequence analysis of two identical hybridization-positive clones with cDNA inserts of about 2000 nucleotides gave the entire coding region of the pi subunit, a 61-nucleotide 5' noncoding region and a 741-nucleotide 3' noncoding region containing four possible polyadenylation sites. Translation of the coding region yields a 391-residue polypeptide, which in all regions except the C-terminal segment corresponds to the protein structure as determined directly by peptide analysis. With the class I numbering system, the exception concerns a residue exchange at position 368, the actual C-terminus which is Phe-374 by peptide data but a 12-residue extension by cDNA data, and possibly two further residue exchanges at positions 303 and 312. The size difference might indicate the existence of posttranslational modifications of the mature protein or, in combination with the residue exchanges, the existence of polymorphism at the locus for class II subunits. The pi subunit analyzed directly results in a 379-residue polypeptide and is the only class II size thus far known to occur in the mature protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1987

Expression in Escherichia coli of active human alcohol dehydrogenase lacking N-terminal acetylation.

Human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, beta beta isozyme of class I) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and characterized regarding N-terminal processing. The expression system was obtained by ligation of a cDNA fragment corresponding to the beta-subunit of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase into the vector pKK 223-3 containing the tac promoter. The enzyme, detected by Western-blot analysis and ethanol oxidizing activity, constituted up to 3% of the total amount of protein. Recombinant ADH was separated from E. coli ADH by ion-exchange chromatography and the isolated enzyme was essentially pure as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis. The N-terminal sequence was identical to that of the authentic beta-subunit except that the N-terminus was non-acetylated, indicating a correct removal of the initiator methionine, but lack of further processing.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1987

Mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases of separate classes: intermediates between different enzymes and intraclass isozymes.

A comparison of the structure of class II human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) (containing pi subunits) with those of the human class I isozymes (containing alpha, beta, and gamma subunits) reveals differences at about 40% of all positions. Variations are large for active-site regions, the segment around the second zinc atom, and for segments involved in subunit interactions. The two classes of alcohol dehydrogenase have diverged to exhibit structural differences to about half the extent of those between alcohol and polyol dehydrogenases. Hence, the two classes of alcohol dehydrogenase represent steps in enzyme rather than isozyme divergence. An evolutionary scheme that relates different types of zinc-containing mammalian dehydrogenases to one another encompasses at least three levels of gene duplication subsequent to the early step(s) of assembly of building unit(s). The first level of duplication results in the formation of now clearly different enzymes. The second level concerns the various classes of alcohol dehydrogenase, forming steps between typical enzymes and isozymes. The third level encompasses recent and multiple duplications in isozyme evolution of alcohol dehydrogenases. This scheme, linking zinc-containing dehydrogenases at different levels, resembles that in other protein families and reflects general patterns in protein relationships.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1987

Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: structures of the human liver enzymes, functional properties and evolutionary aspects.

All three types of subunit of class I human alcohol dehydrogenase have been analyzed both at the protein and cDNA levels, and the structures of alpha, beta 1, beta 2, gamma 1, and gamma 2 subunits are known. The same applies to class II pi subunits. Extensive protein data are also available for class III chi subunits. In the class I human isozymes, amino acid exchanges occur at 35 positions in total, with 21-28 replacements between any pair of the alpha/beta/gamma chains. These values, compared with those from species differences between the corresponding human and horse enzymes, suggest that isozyme developments in the class I enzyme resulted from separate gene duplications after the divergence of the human and equine evolutionary lines. All subunits exhibit some unique properties, with slightly closer similarity between the human gamma and horse enzyme subunits and somewhat greater deviations towards the human alpha subunit. Differences are large also in segments close to the active site zinc ligands and other functionally important positions. Species differences are distributed roughly equally between the two types of domain in the subunit, whereas isozyme differences are considerably more common in the catalytic than in the coenzyme-binding domain. These facts illustrate a functional divergence among the isozymes but otherwise similar changes during evolution. Polymorphic forms of beta and gamma subunits are characterized by single replacements at one and two positions, respectively, explaining known deviating properties. Class II and class III subunits are considerably more divergent. Their homology with class I isozymes exhibits only 60-65% positional identity. Hence, they reflect further steps towards the development of new enzymes, with variations well above the horse/human species levels, in contrast to the class I forms. Again, functionally important residues are affected, and patterns resembling those previously established for the divergently related polyol dehydrogenases are encountered. The two isozymes of human aldehyde dehydrogenase also exhibit considerable differences, with only 68% structural identity. The results show an early divergence into isozymes before the man/horse species radiation. Cys-302 is a functionally important residue and is located in one of the regions with conserved hydrophobic properties. Other regions with large differences in hydropathic properties may explain the absence of cross-hybridizing isozyme forms of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1987

cDNA structures of class I human liver alcohol dehydrogenases.

We have determined cDNA structures coding for class I subunits of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Two clones have been identified which contain the cDNA sequence coding for the alpha subunit. One of the clones had a 139-nucleotide internal deletion of interest in relation to intron/exon splice junctions, domain borders and evolutionary connections with other dehydrogenases. Different size classes of cDNA clones coding for the beta subunit were characterized with 3' non-coding regions of 213, 590 and 1331 nucleotides. In addition, two unused polyadenylation signals were found, indicating that signals other than AATAAA, are required for 3' end formation. Determination of cDNA structures corresponding to the gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits makes it possible to explain the kinetic differences between the two allelic subunits in terms of two amino acid replacements. In total, 35 of 374 amino acid residues differ between the class I subunits. Only in the beta pleated sheet region of the coenzyme-binding domain is an almost complete lack of substitutions noted, illustrating the importance of this region. The class II, with pi subunits, has also been determined and shows a much lower extent of homology.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1986

The gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. cDNA structures, two amino acid replacements, and compatibility with changes in the enzymatic properties.

cDNA clones corresponding to two alleles of the ADH3 locus were identified by hybridization with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides specific for class I human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Sequences were determined for a 1457-nucleotide cDNA, covering the whole gamma 2-coding region, and a 1224-nucleotide cDNA, including the region coding for amino acid residues 53-374 of the gamma 1 subunit. Two amino acid replacements between the gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits were identified. At position 349, isoleucine in gamma 1 instead of valine in gamma 2 is a conservative exchange of a superficial residue which has been ascribed no special importance. The other exchange, at position 271, arginine in gamma 1 and glutamine in gamma 2, explains differences in enzyme properties. Electrophoretically, it is consistent with the less cathodic mobility of the gamma 2 subunit. Functionally, the location of the exchange at the surface of the coenzyme-binding pocket may influence the dissociation of the reduced coenzyme.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1986

A camel milk whey protein rich in half-cystine. Primary structure, assessment of variations, internal repeat patterns, and relationships with neurophysin and other active polypeptides.

The amino acid sequence of a recently isolated camel milk protein rich in half-cystine has been determined by peptide analyses. The 117-residue protein has 16 half-cystine residues, concluded to correspond to disulfide bridges and suggesting a tight conformation of the molecule. Comparisons of the structure with those of other proteins reveal several interesting relationships. The camel protein is clearly homologous with a previously reported rat whey phosphoprotein of possible importance for mammary gland growth regulation, and with a mouse protein of probable relationship to neurophysins. The camel, rat and mouse proteins may represent species variants from a rapidly evolving gene. Residue identities in pairwise comparisons are 40% for the camel/rat proteins and 33% for the camel/mouse proteins, with 38 positions conserved in all three forms. The camel protein also reveals an internal repeat pattern similar to that for the other two proteins. The homology between the three milk whey proteins has wide implications for further relationships. Thus, previously noticed similarities, involving either of the milk proteins, include limited similarities to casein phosphorylation sites for the camel protein, to neurophysins in repeat and half-cystine patterns for the mouse and rat proteins, and to an antiprotease for the rat protein. These similarities are reinforced by the camel protein structure and the recognition of the three whey proteins as related. Finally a few superficial similarities with the insulin family of peptides and with some other peptides of biological importance are noticed. Combined, the results relate the camel protein in a family of whey proteins, and extend suggestions of relationships with some binding proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

cDNA and protein structure for the alpha subunit of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Two cDNA clones for human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were identified, together covering 1450 nucleotides that contain the cDNA sequence of the ADH1 locus and include a coding region of 1122 nucleotides for the alpha subunit of the enzyme. In parallel, direct peptide analyses of the carboxymethylated protein also established most of the amino acid sequence. Nucleotide and peptide data were in complete agreement and show exchanges at 24 positions in the alpha relative to the beta subunit. One of the cDNA clones had a 139-nucleotide internal deletion at a position of possible interest in relation to mRNA processing, ancestral connections, or DNA replication. The structure of the alpha subunit is homologous to that of the beta and gamma subunits but has many exchanges, also of functionally important residues, explaining the different enzymatic properties. In total, 35 of 374 amino acid residues differ between the class I isozymes, and the substitutions add an extra SH group in the alpha subunit. Only in the beta-pleated sheet region of the coenzyme-binding domain is almost complete lack of substitutions noted, illustrating the importance of this region. In contrast, the active site region is far less conserved. However, similar exchanges of functional significance have also been found in distantly related alcohol and polyol dehydrogenases.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1986

cDNA clones coding for the beta-subunit of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase have differently sized 3'-non-coding regions.

Three different size classes of cDNA clones coding for the beta 1-subunit of human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were characterized from a human liver cDNA library. Clones were identified by hybridization with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides. A total of 2530 nucleotides were determined, covering an ADH-coding region of 1122 nucleotides, a preceding 72-nucleotide segment and 3 types of 3'-non-coding region. The coding nucleotide sequence is in full agreement with the amino acid sequence of the beta 1-subunit. Of 8 clones identified, 6 had a short, 213-nucleotide 3'-non-coding region; 1 an intermediate, 590-nucleotide 3'-region; and 1 a long, 1330-nucleotide 3'-region. In addition, 2 unused polyadenylation signals were found. These results suggest that human liver beta-ADH mRNAs occur in several size classes, and that in addition to the consensus sequence AATAAA further signals are important for 3'-end formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of a camel milk protein rich in proline identifies a new beta-casein fragment.

A camel milk whey protein has been isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The protein is, like caseins, rich in proline (25% of the whole protein). The N-terminal amino acid sequence shows that the protein is homologous with a C-terminal region of beta-caseins analyzed from other species. The protein is concluded to be a fragment of beta-casein, derived from a non-tryptic type of cleavage of the parent molecule, and increasing the multiplicity of known casein products.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Cloning and expression of the glutaredoxin (grx) gene of Escherichia coli.

Two DNA segments, together comprising 1147 bp and containing the glutaredoxin (GRX) gene, grx, from Escherichia coli K-12 were cloned and characterized in M13mp9. The gene was identified by hybridization with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes corresponding to parts of the amino acid (aa) sequence of GRX. The sequence of 255 bp comprising the GRX structural gene gave a deduced as sequence identical to the directly determined one. The coding region is preceded by two possible ribosome-binding sites and three possible promoters with -10 and -35 regions as judged by homology to consensus sequences. The presence of a stable stem-loop structure, delta G = -17.0 kcal, followed by six thymine bases indicates that the transcription of the grx gene is Rho-independently terminated. An over-representation of rare codons in the grx gene, as compared to the genes for thioredoxin (TRX) and highly expressed proteins, is suggested as one possible explanation for the large difference in the synthesis between TRX and GRX in wild-type E. coli cells. GRX production was amplified at least 100 fold in strain JM103[pEMBL9ECG] over that in wild-type E. coli cells. The protein purified from the overproducing strain was identical in aa sequence with the previously analyzed GRX protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of the coenzyme binding site of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase: differential reactivity of coenzyme analogues.

The mitochondrial isozyme of horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase was labeled with brominated [5-(3-acetylpyridinio)pentyl]diphosphoadenosine. Specific labeling of a coenzyme binding region was proven by an enzymatic activity of the isozyme with the nonbrominated coenzyme derivative, optical properties of the complex, stoichiometry of incorporation, and protection against inactivation. A cysteine residue was selectively modified by the brominated coenzyme analogue and was identified in a 35-residue tryptic peptide. This cysteine residue corresponds to Cys-302 of the cytoplasmic isozyme and has earlier been implicated in disulfiram binding, confirming a position close to the active site. In contrast, the butyl homologue of the coenzyme analogue labels another residue of the mitochondrial isozyme. Thus, in the same isozyme, two residues are selectively reactive. They are concluded to be close together in the tertiary structure and to be close enough to the coenzyme binding site to be differentially labeled by coenzyme analogues differing only by a single methylene group.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1985

The primary structure of alpha-lactalbumin from camel milk.

The primary structure of camel alpha-lactalbumin was determined by analysis of the intact protein, and of CNBr fragments and enzymatic peptides from the carboxymethylated protein chain. Results show that camel alpha-lactalbumin has 123 residues and a molecular mass of 14.6 kDa. The amino acid sequence is strictly homologous to alpha-lactalbumins characterized, but also exhibits extensive differences: 39 residues differ in relation to the bovine protein and only 35 residues are conserved among hitherto known alpha-lactalbumins with characterized structures. All residues ascribed critical structural or functional roles are strictly invariant in the camel protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗