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Hanne Nøkleby

Publications and source records attributed to Hanne Nøkleby.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[The Norwegian vaccination program].

Development of vaccines has in many ways been the art of the possible, using current knowledge about infections and microbes to devise new products. The aim of every vaccination is to prevent disease, but use of vaccines within vaccination programs is usually targeted not only to protect the individual, but also to changing the epidemiology of the disease. Several new vaccines will become available during the next decade, but the vaccination program will probably not be dramatically changed. Increased knowledge about the immune system might, in a longer time perspective, make it possible to rebuild a vaccination program on a new basis. Immunisations can perhaps be used for targeting the immune system in ways that still give protection against the specific infections, but in addition lead to better health through general protection against diseases, less allergy and less autoimmune diseases than we have today.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed2006

[Adverse events after vaccination].

When the diseases we try to prevent through vaccination are rare, we tend to focus more on the associated risks. Vaccination has led to unfortunate consequences, mainly due to production failure and inadequate control in earlier years. The requirements for vaccine control are now so rigorous that the risk for such occurrences is close to zero. Local and mild systemic reactions to vaccines are rather common, and are usually well known and described in detail when a vaccine is licensed. Some vaccine reactions are however so rare that they only will be discovered through surveillance after the vaccine has become available for routine use. Suspicion of adverse events will now normally arise through the official notification systems for adverse events. Large epidemiological studies are often necessary to decide whether there is a causal relationship or only a coincidence. Recording of adverse events following vaccination and transparency about their existence, are important issues in the work to maintain the credibility of vaccines.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2006

Is there an association between SV40 contaminated polio vaccine and lymphoproliferative disorders? An age-period-cohort analysis on Norwegian data from 1953 to 1997.

Between 1955 and 1963, an estimated number of 150 million people in various parts of the world, including Norway, received poliomyelitis vaccine possibly contaminated with infectious simian virus 40 (SV40). Human studies have investigated the hypothesised association between SV40 and various cancers, but the results have so far been contradicting. The aim of the present study was to examine Norwegian cancer incidence data to assess a possible association between birth cohorts assumed to have been subjected to the vaccine and the incidence rate of lymphoproliferative disorders (excluding Hodgkin's lymphoma), further subdivided into non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), lymphocytic leukemia and plasma cell neoplasms. Between 1953 and 1997, the incidence rate of lymphoproliferative diseases combined increased about 3-fold in both males and females. Subgroup analysis showed that this increase was largely attributable to NHL. Age-period-cohort modelling of the subgroups, as well as of all groups combined, showed that the cohort effect was more prominent than the period effect. However, the variations in incidence patterns across the birth cohorts did not fit with the trends that would be expected if a SV40 contaminated vaccine did play a causative role. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis of an association between the vaccine and any subgroup of lymphoproliferative diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Persisting immune responses indicating long-term protection after booster dose with meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine.

MenBvac is an outer membrane vesicle vaccine against systemic meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis. In this placebo-controlled double-blind study including 374 healthy adolescents, the safety and immunogenicity of a schedule of three primary doses 6 weeks apart followed by a fourth dose a year later were evaluated. Antibody responses to the vaccine strain and heterologous strains (non-vaccine-type strains) and the persistence of these antibodies were measured by the serum bactericidal assay (SBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay up to 1 year after the last dose. The proportion of subjects with SBA titers of > or = 4 against the vaccine strain increased from 3% prevaccination to 65% after the third dose. Ten months later, this proportion had declined to 28%. The fourth dose induced a booster response demonstrated by 93% of subjects achieving a titer of > or = 4. One year after the booster dose, 64% still showed SBA titers of > or = 4. Cross-reacting antibodies were induced against all heterologous strains tested, although the magnitude of SBA titers differed widely between the different strains. All four doses of MenBvac were safe. Both MenBvac and the placebo had reactogenicity profiles of mild to moderate local and systemic reactions. Pain, the most common reaction, was reported with similar frequencies in both groups. No serious adverse events occurred in the MenBvac group. This study confirmed the good immunogenicity of the primary course of MenBvac and demonstrated prolonged persistence and increased cross-reactivity of functional antibodies elicited by a booster dose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of viral hepatitis in the Nordic countries and Germany.

The Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) convened a meeting of international experts from the public and private sectors in the Nordic countries and Germany, in order to review the epidemiological situation, the surveillance systems for infectious diseases, the immunization programmes and policy, and the monitoring of adverse events after hepatitis vaccination in those countries, to evaluate prevention and control measures, and to identify the issues that arose and the lessons learnt. Considerable progress has been made in the past decades in the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in the respective countries. Vaccination programmes have been set up, blood products' safety has significantly been improved, and outbreak investigations remain the basis for the implementation of control measures. However, additional work remains to be done. Awareness of viral hepatitis among the public and professionals should further be raised, and more political support is needed regarding the value of prevention efforts and vaccination programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Combined administration of meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine and conjugated serogroup C vaccine indicated for prevention of meningococcal disease is safe and immunogenic.

MenBvac and Menjugate are safe and efficacious vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of the combination (MenB/C) of the lyophilized active components of the conjugated group C vaccine Menjugate when reconstituted with the full liquid group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine MenBvac compared to MenBvac and Menjugate given separately. At 6-week intervals, healthy adults were given one dose of MenB/C followed by two doses of MenBvac (MenB/C group), three doses of MenBvac (MenB group), or one dose of Menjugate and two doses of placebo (MenC group). Injection site reactions were frequent in all groups. However, most reactions were short lasting and mild or moderate in intensity, and the vaccines were found to be well tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events. MenB/C was immunogenic with regard to both serogroup B and C meningococci. Both the serum bactericidal assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses showed that the immune responses of the combination vaccine were similar to the immune responses of its separate components MenBvac and Menjugate for both serogroup B and C. In conclusion, the combined MenB/C vaccine is safe and immunogenic. The two vaccines do not interact negatively with each other and can easily be administered in the same syringe. The induced immune responses suggest that the combined vaccine is likely to confer protection against systemic group B disease caused by the vaccine strain as well as against group C meningococcal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Young children, pregnant women and travelling abroad].

Pregnant women and parents of young children travelling to non-western countries should consider the risks to which they expose themselves and their children. Travelling during these periods of life needs to be particularly well planned. Travel insurance should cover the whole family, and for pregnant women also the risk of premature birth. Travelling long distances during pregnancy involves a certain amount of risk in itself. This risk could be increased if complications were to occur in areas with a lower standard of health service. As a rule, infants and young children easily adapt to new environments but children abroad should be expected to need a doctor at least as often as at home. Some vaccines and antimalarials must not be used for children below a certain age. Only a few vaccines and antimalarials have been systematically studied in pregnant women in order to exclude teratogenicity. We present some aspects of vaccination and malaria prevention, transport, climate and environment, nutrition, food and drinking water hygiene.

Adolescent↗