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Henri Chabrol

Publications and source records attributed to Henri Chabrol.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Relations between suicidal ideation and dimensions of depressive symptoms in high-school students.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the link between the different dimensions of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents. A sample of 1057 adolescents completed the CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and three additional items measuring suicidal ideation. The four dimensions of depressive symptoms on the CES-D (Depressed Affect, Loss of Positive Affect, Somatic and Retarded Activity, Interpersonal) were entered into regression analyses predicting the presence of any suicidal ideation and of the wish to kill oneself among participants with moderate/severe depressive symptoms (n=271). For both boys and girls Depressed Affect was the main significant predictor of the presence of any suicidal ideation and of the wish to kill oneself. There were two additional significant predictors for boys: Loss of Positive Affect positively predicted the presence of any suicidal ideation; Somatic and Retarded Activity negatively predicted the presence of the wish to kill oneself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Contributions of social influences and expectations of use to cannabis use in high-school students.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of peers cannabis use or non-use, parental approval of such use, adolescents' own beliefs about use, to the prediction of cannabis use. The participants were 559 high-school students who completed questionnaires assessing the frequency of cannabis use, the number of peers using cannabis, the number of peers opposed to cannabis use, parental attitude toward cannabis use, and participants' expectations towards use. The number of peers using cannabis and participants' positive expectations of cannabis use were risk factors for use whereas the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and the negative expectations of use were protective factors. Parental attitudes towards use were not a significant independent predictor of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Borderline personality organization and psychopathic traits in nonclinical adolescents: relationships of identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms and reality testing with callousness and impulsivity traits.

Although psychotherapeutic observation and empirical data suggest a link between borderline and antisocial personality disorder or traits in adolescents, there is no study on the relationships of borderline personality organization (BPO) and psychopathic traits in adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of structural criteria of (BPO) as assessed by the French version of the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI), with psychopathic traits, as assessed by the French version of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP), in a nonclinical sample of 243 adolescents. Significant correlations were found between the BPI scales of identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms, impaired reality testing, and psychopathic traits of callousness and impulsivity, suggesting that BPO may contribute to psychopathic traits in nonforensic, nonclinical adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relations between cannabis use and dependence, motives for cannabis use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology.

This study investigated the relations between anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology, motivations for cannabis use, and cannabis use and dependence among 212 adolescents and young adults, 114 of whom were cannabis users. Motives for cannabis use were assessed using the Marijuana Motives Measure (Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a Five-Factor Motives Measure: Relations with use, problems and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 265-273.). In three sets of regression analyses, motives, cannabis use frequency, and cannabis dependence served as criterion variables. First, when motives were regressed on psychopathological measures, borderline symptomatology predicted expansion motives in both boys and girls. Second, when frequency of use was regressed on motives and psychopathological measures, enhancement motives were the only significant predictor among boys and expansion motives were the only significant predictor among girls. Finally, when cannabis dependence was regressed on motives and psychopathological measures, borderline symptomatology was the only significant predictor in boys and expansion motives were the only significant predictor in girls. This study suggests the importance of motives and borderline symptomatology in the understanding of cannabis use and dependence among adolescents and young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of the Heavy Smoking Index and of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in a sample of 749 cigarette smokers.

Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was administered to a sample of 749 adult smokers. The Heavy Smoking Index (HSI) which combines two items of the FTND (the number of cigarettes per day and the time of the first cigarette of the day) was compared to the FTND. A cut-off score equal or greater than 4 on the HSI detected a similar rate of nicotine dependence as a cut-off score equal or greater than 6 on the FTND. HSI had good sensitivity (79.5%) and specificity (96.5%). The concordance between the two instruments was high (Cohen's kappa=0.74). The HSI performed as well on men as on women. The HSI provides a good measure of high nicotine dependence, particularly appropriate for epidemiological surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A study of the face validity of the 40 item version of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40).

There are few studies examining the face validity of the 40-item version of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Moreover, the existing studies have provided conflicting results. The present study provides an in-depth examination of the face validity of the DSQ-40. Eight clinicians independently attributed each item of the DSQ-40 to a defense mechanism. The defense mechanisms listed in the DSM-IV Defensive Functioning Scale and their definitions were provided as a guide, along with the definition of those defense mechanisms investigated by the DSQ that are not included. It was further specified that the raters could attribute the items to defense mechanisms other than those listed or coping mechanisms. Twelve items out of 40 (30%) were attributed to the defense mechanisms they were supposed to investigate by fewer than four out of the eight raters. This result suggests that a substantial part of the DSQ-40 is lacking in face validity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

[Defense mechanisms].

Defence mechanisms are mental operations that are involuntary and unconscious and contribute to reduce internal and external stresses. The concept of defensive organisation or style, defined as a set of defence mechanisms relatively stable and characteristic of personality appears to be a major dimension of personality, from normal to pathology. Studies on defence mechanisms have gained the interest of clinicians, largely outside the psychoanalytical field. However, the lack of reliability and validity of the assessment instruments still limits the empirical studies of the relation between defence mechanisms and psychological health as well as of their therapeutic implications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Factor structure of cannabis related beliefs in adolescents.

This study evaluated 285 high school students (163 males, 122 females, with a mean age of 17.5+/-1.1 years) using a questionnaire for the diagnosis of cannabis use and dependence: 159 of them (55.7%) were cannabis users and, among users, 52 subjects (33%) met criteria for cannabis dependence. All subjects were assessed with a self-report questionnaire derived from the questionnaire of anticipatory, relief-oriented, and permissive beliefs for drug addiction elaborated by Tison and Hautekeete [J. Ther. Comport. Cogn. 2 (1998) 43] from the cognitive model of drug addiction formulated by Beck et al. [Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. New York: Guilford Press, 1993]. A confirmatory factor analysis found that the three-category model for drug-related beliefs proposed by Beck et al. provided an adequate fit to the data. Regression analyses showed that permissive beliefs were the dominant predictor for cannabis use and that relief-oriented beliefs were the only predictor of cannabis dependence. These results represent an empirical validation of Beck's model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Detecting women at risk for postnatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 2 to 3 days postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the capacity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) implemented in the first days postpartum to detect women who will suffer from postnatal depression. METHOD: A sample of 1154 women completed the EPDS at 2 to 3 days postpartum and again at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. RESULTS: There was a highly significant positive correlation between EPDS scores on both occasions (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.59, P < 0.0001). The cut-off scores of 10 and 11 for EPDS administered at 2 to 3 days obtained good specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive values for the cut off scores proposed for the diagnosis of postnatal depression at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. CONCLUSION: The EPDS completed at 2 to 3 days postpartum is a useful means of detecting women at risk of postnatal depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Chronic hallucinatory psychosis, bouffée délirante, and the classification of psychosis in French psychiatry.

The conflict between French nosology and international classifications is mainly linked to the French concepts of chronic hallucinatory psychosis and bouffée délirante. However, these discrepancies are now largely reduced by the evolution of the recent versions of international classifications. The term chronic hallucinatory psychosis is used to describe a chronic hallucinatory and delusional disorder that differs from paranoid schizophrenia in the absence of formal thought disorder and intellectual impairment. This concept appears to be quite similar to paranoid schizophrenia as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Disease (ICD). However, the recent statement that deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia are separate diseases rediscovered French distinctions between chronic hallucinatory psychosis and schizophrenia. The term bouffée délirante describes an acute nonaffective and nonschizophrenic psychotic disorder, which is largely similar to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV brief psychotic and schizophreniform disorders, and was taken up in ICD-10 under the name acute polymorphic psychotic disorder.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2003

A study of the psychometric properties of the Fagestrom Test for Nicotine Dependence.

A factor analysis of 772 Fagestrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was performed in a population of French workers with STATISTICA software, utilizing tetrachoric correlations to account for the dichotomous responses of the FTND. Confirmatory factorial analysis found the two-factor solution recently proposed for the FTND to be unsatisfactory. An exploratory factorial analysis concluded that the best solution was monofactorial when Item 3 was deleted. A confirmatory factorial analysis of the FTND provided support for this monofactorial solution. With the deletion of Item 3, the FTND achieved a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=.86). Thus, a revision of the FTND with the exclusion of Item 3 is proposed. This revised form of the FTND appears to assess a unidimensional construct indicating robust construct validity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Emotional eating, alexithymia, and binge-eating disorder in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese women with or without Binge Eating Disorder (BED). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred sixty-nine obese women completed self-report questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Stress Perceived Scale, the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The presence of BED, screened using the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns, was confirmed by interview. RESULTS: Forty obese women were identified as having BED. BED subjects and non-BED subjects were comparable in age, body mass index, educational level, and socioeconomic class. According to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BED subjects exhibited higher depression, anxiety, perceived stress, alexithymia scores, and emotional and external eating scores than non-BED subjects. Emotional eating and perceived stress emerged as significant predictors of BED. The relationships between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese subjects differed between the two groups according to the presence of BED. Alexithymia was the predictor of emotional eating in BED subjects, whereas perceived stress and depression were the predictors in non-BED subjects. DISCUSSION: This study pointed out different relationships among mood, alexithymia, and emotional eating in obese subjects with or without BED. Alexithymia was linked to emotional eating in BED. These data suggest the involvement of alexithymia in eating disorders among obese women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Factor analyses of the DIB-R in adolescents.

The goal of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R; Zanarini, Gunderson, Franckenburg, & Chauncey, 1989) in a nonpatient sample of 118 adolescents. A principal components factor analysis with a Varimax rotation extracted three factors. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that this three-factor model provided an adequate fit. The first factor, which included depression, anxiety, helplessness/hopelessness, loneliness/emptiness, and also encompassed odd thinking/unusual perceptive experiences and quasi-psychotic experiences, appeared to be centered on painful feelings and dissociative defense. The second factor, labeled "impulsivity," consisted of impulse action patterns, counterdependency, and stormy relationships. This factor seemed to be centered on defensive acting-out. The third factor, called "aggressiveness," consisted of anger, hypomania, devaluation/manipulation/sadism, and demand/entitlement, and might express manic/narcissistic defenses. These analyses suggest that there may be homogeneous components of borderline symptomatology in adolescents that may reflect affective disturbances and defensive mechanisms.

Adolescent↗