The decision-making process regarding the preferred site for confinement was investigated in a total of 170 nulliparous women with initially uncomplicated pregnancies. Of these women, 100 had a preference for delivery at home and 45 for hospital confinement. The remaining 25 women were in doubt about the preferred location. Interviews were held at the 18th week of pregnancy. Motives for choosing either a home or a hospital confinement were analysed. Preferences for either home or hospital confinement were predicted by a stepwise discriminant analysis. Educational level, psychological well-being, anxiety concerning complications at birth, and attitudes towards female social roles accounted for 78.6% of the variance. Fear that something might go wrong during labour together with an older age predicted for 62% the group of women doubtful about the place of confinement.

Delivery, Obstetric↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide.

The interaction between short-term sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure and experimentally induced rhinovirus infection was studied in thirty-two volunteers divided into two groups balanced with respect to age, antibody levels, and nasal mucus flow rates. One group was exposed to SO2 exposure at the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm during 4 hours; the other group served as controls exposed to pollution-free air under the same conditions. The SO2 exposure caused a 50% decrease in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior parts of the nose, but there was no difference in the number of colds which developed in the two groups. The group exposed to SO2 had fewer symptoms and a possibly shorter incubation period (P = .06), and virus shedding was at a lower level but more persistent than in the control group. No differences were found in antibody response. The rhinovirus infection in the control group caused a gradual decrease in nasal mucus flow rate starting 2 days after the virus instillation, and after 5 days the rate was less than half its initial value. For future experiments on the interaction between airborne pollutants and rhinovirus infections, a virus challenge by aerosol inhalation is recommended. Our study supports an earlier observation that growth of influenza virus in the nasal cavity of mice was inhibited by exposure to SO2 concentrations of 6 or 20 ppm.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal cancer and nasal mucus-transport rates in woodworkers.

Among 17 patients with adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity, 12 had been heavily exposed to wood-dust inhalation, 10 as furniture makers, one as a turner, and one as a coach builder. Measurements of the nasal mucus-transport rate in 68 wood-dust workers demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of mucostasis than in a control group.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed workers and of controls, studied with atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis and with Timm's sulphide silver method.

Biopsy specimens from nasal mucosa of 30 nickel-exposed individuals and 6 controls were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content of nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc and iron. Timm's sulphide silver staining method was used for visualizing heavy metals in cryostat sections of biopsy material from each individual. The purpose of the investigation was to study the sulphide silver staining pattern in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed individuals and controls, and to establish whether variations in heavy metal concentrations, especially nickel, affect the histochemical pattern in the mucosa. No consistent differences were found in the histochemical pattern between biopsies with high and low concentrations of nickel or any of the other metals. Some difference in epithelial types between specimens from the nickel-exposed group and the control group was seen, but the staining pattern was quite similar for corresponding epithelial types in the two groups. Two nasal carcinomas from nickel workers were virtually unstained with the sulphide silver staining method.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nickel concentrations in nasal mucosa, plasma, and urine in active and retired nickel workers.

The objective of the present investigation was to study the influence of the occupational nickel exposure on the concentration of nickel in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine. Plasma, urine and biopsy specimens of nasal mucosa from 318 nickel workers, 15 retired nickel workers and 57 non-exposed controls were analyzed for nickel by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that nickel exposure led significantly to raised nickel concentration in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine both in active and retired nickel workers. The average nickel concentration in the nasal mucosa was highest in workers exposed to the highest atmospheric nickel concentration, inhaled as nickel subsulphide and oxide dust. Workers exposed to aerosols of nickel chloride and sulphate at a lower atmospheric nickel concentration had, on the other hand, the highest mean nickel concentration in plasma and urine. The mucosal, plasma and urine nickel concentration were significantly correlated to duration of nickel exposure. The accumulated nickel in the nasal mucosa was retained for years after termination of the nickel exposure, and slowly released with an estimated half-life of 3.5 years.

Adult↗