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Biomedical subjects

I Bala

Publications and source records attributed to I Bala.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Design of estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticulate formulations: a potential oral delivery system for hormone therapy.

Estradiol (E2), a highly lipophilic molecule with good oral absorption but poor oral bioavailability, was incorporated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles to improve its oral bioavailability. Nanoparticles were prepared by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DMAB) as stabilizer, leading to negatively (size 410.9+/-39.4 nm) and positively (size 148.3+/-10.7 nm) charged particles, respectively. Both preparations showed near zero order release in vitro with about 95% drug being released within 45 and 31 days for PVA and DMAB, respectively. In situ intestinal uptake studies in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed higher uptake of DMAB stabilized nanoparticles. Following oral administration to male SD rats, E2 could be detected in blood for 7 and 2 days from DMAB and PVA stabilized nanoparticles, respectively. Histopathological examination and blood counts indicated the absence of inflammatory response. These data suggest that DMAB stabilized PLGA nanoparticles have great potential as carriers for oral delivery of estradiol.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Placement of 0.5% bupivacaine-soaked Surgicel in the gallbladder bed is effective for pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the character of pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its relief with 0.5% bupivacaine-soaked Surgicel placed in the gallbladder bed. METHODS: For this study, 60 patients with chronic cholecystitis were divided into four groups of 15 each: group A (bupivacaine-soaked Surgicel kept in gallbladder bed), group B (bupivacaine infiltrated at trocar sites), group C (bupivacaine infiltrated into the gallbladder bed and at trocar sites, and group D (normal saline in the gallbladder bed and at trocar sites). Postoperatively, the character of pain was noted, and its relief was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) scoring. RESULTS: The findings showed that 78.33% of the patients had visceral pain, 70% experienced parietal, and 23.33% reported shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The visceral pain was significantly less in the group A patients than in the control subjects (p < 0.05), and none of them experienced shoulder pain. The mean VAS score at 4, 8, and, 24 h in the group A patients also was less than in control group D: 26.37 +/- 16.24 versus 38.30 +/- 9.51, 23.23 +/- 14.28 versus 33.73 +/- 7.96, and 18.36 +/- 13.00 versus 28.60 +/- 9.42, respectively. Trocar-site infiltration alone was not effective in relieving the parietal pain. CONCLUSION: Visceral pain is prominent after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and can be effectively controlled by 0.5% bupivacaine-soaked Surgicel in the gallbladder bed alone. Trocar-site infiltration alone is ineffective.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sustained release nanoparticulate formulation containing antioxidant-ellagic acid as potential prophylaxis system for oral administration.

The aim of the present work was to develop ellagic acid (EA) loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles for oral administration. PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by a method based on the concept of emulsion-diffusion-evaporation by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as a cosolvent for solubilizing the drug. While developing this method, didodecyldimethylammomium bromide (DMAB) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), alone and in combination with chitosan (CS) were employed. DMAB stabilized particles were the smallest of all the formulations with a particle size of 148.5 nm. PVA alone gave particles of 269.7 nm but a blend with CS (80:20) resulted in an increase in particle size (359.6 +/- 23.6 nm). Initial release of EA from nanoparticles in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer was rapid, followed by a slower sustained release. Release rates followed the order PVA > PVA-CS > DMAB. Release rate from the PLGA-DMAB particles was slowest, which is attributed to higher hydrophobicity of DMAB as compared to PVA, preventing diffusion of drug out of polymeric matrix. Insolubility of CS at alkaline pH could have retarded the release in case of PVA-CS system. In situ intestinal permeability study of pure drug and the drug encapsulated in nanoparticles prepared using PVA, PVA-CS blend and DMAB as stabilizer in rats showed 66, 75, 73 and 87% permeation, respectively. EA showed good free radical scavenging effect in a yeast cell culture model as well as in a cell free system.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of scalp block on postoperative pain relief in craniotomy patients.

The efficacy of scalp nerve block using 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline for postoperative pain relief in craniotomy patients was evaluated in 40 ASA I or II adult patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. A standard general anaesthesia technique was followed. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group B received 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 adrenaline and group S received normal saline with 1:400,000 adrenaline, both after skin closure. Postoperative pain was assessed at 30 seconds and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours using a numerical rating scale. Diclofenac IM was administered as rescue analgesia if patients reported a numerical rating scale of 40 or more. Tramadol IV was administered as second rescue analgesia. Sixty per cent of patients in group S experienced moderate to severe pain (numerical rating scale of 40 or more) at some time during the first 12 postoperative hours in comparison to 25% patients in group B. Median pain scores were significantly lower in group B for up to 6 hours. Significantly more patients were pain free up to four hours in group B. Median duration for the requirement of first dose of diclofenac was longer in group B compared to group S (360 min vs 30 min, P < 0.01). The number of doses of diclofenac (5 vs 19) was significantly lower in group B compared to group S (P < 0.01). Tramadol was required by six patients in group S only. Scalp nerve block using 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 adrenaline decreases the incidence and severity of postoperative pain in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2005

Analytical methods for assay of ellagic acid and its solubility studies.

Ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for quantitative determination of ellagic acid (EA), an antioxidant were developed. The analytical methods were validated for linearity, accuracy, intra- and inter-day variability, and precision. EA was eluted using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) column with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 5 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer pH 2.5 (80:20, v/v). The UV and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have lower detection limits of 0.2 and 0.1 microg/ml, respectively. Because of the increasing pharmaceutical interest in phytochemicals and their solubility problems, solubility studies for EA were also carried out. Various organic solvents and surfactants were screened for assessing solubility of EA and the compound was found to be soluble in some pharmaceutically acceptable solvents like triethanolamine, polyethylene glycol 400 and N-methyl pyrrollidone (NMP). Aqueous and pH dependent solubility of EA were determined using UV and HPLC methods, respectively.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1998

Anaesthesia in Poland syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe the anaesthetic management of a child with Poland syndrome for CT scan. CLINICAL FEATURES: An eight-month-old child presented with left upper limb hypoplasia and chest wall deformity with absence of ribs on the left side for CT scan of thorax. Pulsations of the heart could be seen along with paradoxical respiration over the defect. The trachea was intubated and the lungs ventilated manually to avoid inadequate ventilation and hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: The unilateral absence of ribs leads to poor development of subatmospheric pressure in the thorax and paradoxical respiration, and may cause inadequate pulmonary ventilation and hypoxia. In the present case, positive pressure ventilation was chosen to maintain ventilation during the procedure.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

Detrimental effects of noise on anaesthetists.

To study the detrimental effects of operating room noise, noise levels in operating rooms were first measured and the average noise level was calculated in Decibels, which was 77.32 dB(A). An audiocassette of 90 min duration was prepared recording the operating room noise. The same audiocassette was used later to expose the 20 anaesthesia residents to the operating room noise in the acoustically treated rooms of audiology department. The noise level during exposure was maintained at 77.32 dB(A). Two cognitive functions, mental efficiency and short-term memory were studied. The tests used were the Trail Making Test and Digit Symbol Test for mental efficiency and the Benton Visual Retention Test for short-term memory. The mean pre-exposure scores for the Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol Test and Benton Visual Retention Test were 22.9 +/- 1.94, 83 +/- 2.62 and 9.55 +/- 0.51 respectively. The mean during-exposure scores were 16.35 +/- 1.39, 74.05 +/- 3.46 and 5.8 +/- 0.41 respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we observed that operating room noise reduced the mental efficiency and short-term memory of anaesthesia residents.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Auditory functions in anaesthesia residents during exposure to operating room noise.

Twenty anaesthesia residents were exposed to a pre-recorded audio cassette of operating room noise. The noise level during exposure was maintained at 77.32 +/- 1 dB (A), which was the calculated average operating room noise in our institute. Two auditory functions i.e., speech reception threshold and speech discrimination were studied before and during exposure to noise in a pre-fixed order. The right and left ears were tested separately. Speech reception threshold showed a mean increase of 23.75 +/- 6.86 dB (A) for the right ear and 26.25 +/- 6.90 dB(A) for the left ear during exposure to noise, suggesting that speech communication may be possible only by raising the voice. Speech discrimination showed a mean percentage decrease of 23.3 +/- 4.82 per cent for the right ear and 23.5 +/- 3.89 per cent for the left ear implying that there can be a steep decrease in the ability to discriminate spoken words.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1994

Phakomorphic glaucoma--an unusual cause of postoperative vomiting.

A 60-year-old female patient receiving epidural buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia developed intractable nausea and vomiting not responding to antiemetics. Ophthalmic consultation for congestion of the left eye was sought and the patient was diagnosed as having phakomorphic glaucoma. Extracapsular extraction of the left lens was performed after primary anti-oedema measures. Glaucoma as a cause of intractable postoperative nausea and vomiting should be considered in susceptible patients.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1993

Nifedipine attenuates the hypertensive response to tracheal intubation in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Thirty women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) scheduled for Caesarean section under general anaesthesia were studied to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual nifedipine in attenuating the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. The patients were randomly given either the contents of a nifedipine capsule 10 mg or placebo sublingually 20 min before induction of anaesthesia. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at various time intervals. There was a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after pretreatment with nifedipine (P < 0.01). The increase in MAP during laryngoscopy and intubation was higher in the control group compared with nifedipine pretreatment group (P < 0.01). During laryngoscopy and intubation, MAP decreased by 3 mmHg in the nifedipine pretreatment group, while there was an increase of 14 mmHg in the control group. Heart rate increased in both the groups during the laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (P < 0.01) but the increase was higher in the nifedipine group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Neonatal Apgar scores in both the groups were comparable. These results suggest that sublingual nifedipine is effective in attenuating the hypertensive response to laryngoscopy and intubation but not the tachycardiac response in parturients with PIH.

Administration, Sublingual↗
PubMed1992

Spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine 2% for caesarean section.

Spinal anaesthesia with 2, 2.5 or 3 ml of glucose-free lidocaine 2% was studied in 50 patients undergoing Caesarean section. Onset time, cephalad spread of analgesia, quality of analgesia, muscle relaxation, the cardiovascular effects and duration of analgesia and motor block were assessed. Reliable anaesthesia was provided with 2.5 and 3 ml while 2 ml of 2% lidocaine was insufficient. Onset time varied between 5.5 to 6 min and maximum cephalad spread was achieved in 10-15 min. The mean maximum extent of sensory analgesia was higher after 2.5 ml (T4.1) and 3 ml (T3.6) than after 2 ml (T7) (P < 0.001). Complete motor block was achieved in all the patients. The mean duration of sensory block was 123 +/- 6.23 min (2 ml) to 126 +/- 7.53 min (2.5 and 3 ml). The mean duration of motor block in 2.5 and 3 ml groups was higher (P < 0.001) than in the 2 ml group and was correlated with the dose of lidocaine (P < 0.05). Hypotension (SBP < 100 mmHg) was noted in 10% (n = 5) of patients in whom the cephalad spread of analgesia was also higher. All the neonates had an apgar score of 7 or more at 1 min. These results suggest that 2.5 to 3 ml of 2% lidocaine provides satisfactory anaesthesia for Caesarean section.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Studies on the mode of action of tolnaftate in Microsporum gypseum.

Studies were performed on the mode of action of tolnaftate and resistance to this drug in Microsporum gypseum. Cells grown in the presence of tolnaftate (at the IC 50) showed a reduced content of total phospholipids and sterols whereas there was an increase in total RNA content. Incubation of cells with tolnaftate (at 10 x MIC), followed by addition of different macromolecule precursors revealed inhibition of the biosynthesis of all macromolecules except for RNA. The activity of membrane-bound enzymes did not change on treatment with tolnaftate (10 x MIC) whereas an increase in the leakage of intracellular 32P was observed. The content of total phospholipids was higher in tolnaftate-resistant cells, whereas the content of total sterols, DNA, RNA and protein was comparable to that of susceptible cultures. Activity of phosphodiesterase decreased and 5'-nucleotidase increased in tolnaftate-resistant cells. Our results suggest that the antifungal activity of tolnaftate is due to differential action on various targets site(s) which are modified in strains resistant to the drug.

DNA, Fungal↗
PubMed1989

Pectus excavatum.

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Failure to Thrive↗