Biomedical subjects

I Bianchi

Publications and source records attributed to I Bianchi.

23 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental pollution in central and eastern European countries: a basis for cancer epidemiology.

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental issues in the countries of central and eastern Europe (CCEE) and to show their significance for cancer epidemiology. Of known cancer risk factors that may be related to environmental exposure in the CCEE, tobacco smoking is probably the most important. The worsening trends in cancer mortality noted in middle-aged men in the CCEE can be attributed to smoking. Other lifestyle factors that interact with environmental hazards include high alcohol consumption and unhealthy nutrition. Among other factors, the most common environmental exposure in the CCEE that has potential adverse effects on health in terms of cancer incidence is related to high levels of ambient and indoor pollutants exceeding the air quality guidelines of the World Health Organization. Millions of people, usually in urban areas, are estimated to be exposed to such levels of pollution. Outdoor air pollution is a substantial environmental problem in many areas of the CCEE, where heavy industries are concentrated without adequate technology for emission control. Chemically contaminated drinking water provides a major route of exposure for many potential environmental health hazards. The pollution of water resources, including groundwaters, by industrial and agricultural wastes is a widespread problem in both the CCEE and the former USSR. An estimated 13% of treatment plants in the Russian Federation lack the necessary equipment to treat drinking water, particularly for disinfection, to meet the required standards. Many countries in the region have problems in rural areas, where the networks are small or consumers depend on private wells, and treatment of drinking water is either poor or nonexistent. Consequently, because the standards are difficult to meet, drinking-water accumulates high levels of arsenic and nitrates. The main concern is nitrate, arsenic, fluoride, and pesticides. In countries like Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia, locations are known where nitrate concentration in drinking water are high enough to cause methemoglobinemia. Lack of appropriate data hamper valid estimates of the extent of unhealthy working conditions or of poor housing conditions. Unsafe industrial installations are potential environmental health hazards, the possible scale of which is difficult to estimate reasonably.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnostic value of a model of multivariate statistical analysis.

In examining a group of 90 hypercalcaemic patients (37 with primary hyperparathyroidism), a comparison was made of the diagnostic reliability of: 1) tests commonly used for diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism; 2) radioimmunoassay of plasma parathormone; 3) a recently introduced model of multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicate that, at present, the model of multivariate statistical analysis used is of higher diagnostic reliability in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism than renal phosphate excretion tests and the radioimmunoassay of PTH itself.

Calcium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reversibility of asthma-like symptoms and lung function growth over two-year follow-up in preadolescent children.

BACKGROUND: The interesting feature of childhood asthma is the great reversibility of symptoms. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of persistent and reversed asthma-like symptoms on lung function growth in preadolescent children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The follow-up respiratory health survey has been conducted in the sample of 1129 children aged 9 yrs over two years follow-up. The basic health end-points was the occurrence of asthma-like symptoms and the slower lung function growth (SLFG). RESULTS: Adjusted OR for SLFG(FVC) was significantly higher only in the children having the continued symptoms(OR = 3.40; 95% CI: 1.32-8.77). There was a consistent trend of adjusted ORs for SLFG(FEV1) with the category of symptoms, where OR was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.02-2.10) in children with recent new symptoms; 2.06; (95% CI: 0.93-4.58) in those with symptoms remitted, while 3.46; (95% CI: 1.43-8.40) in children who had persistent symptoms. The corresponding ORs for SLFG(FEF25-75%) were 2.03; (95% CI: 0.97-4.28), 2.63; (95% CI: 1.38-4.99), and 5.84; (95% CI: 2.53-13.50). CONCLUSIONS: The consistent association between reversibility of asthma-like symptoms and lung function gain in preadolescent children confirmed the clinical significance of the symptoms in question. The observed slower lung function gain in preadolescence may have implications for the development of chronic lung disease later in adulthood.

Asthma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Better perspectives on use of biological markers in monitoring of lung cancer risk in occupational settings.

Although conventional approaches in cancer epidemiology and prevention have provided a wealth of information, they are seriously limited in their ability to detect and evaluate carcinogenic hazards. However, traditional methods combined with newly developed laboratory procedures provide biological markers of molecular or biochemical events linked to carcinogen exposure and open a new approach to the study of human cancer risk assessment. The goal of the new approach is to identify as precisely as possible specific carcinogenic hazards in the environment, to assess their biologically effective dose and biological effect, and to provide a means of appraising host factors that modify susceptibility. A particular promising new tool of cancer risk assessment is the highly sensitive immunoassay for carcinogen-DNA adducts. These assays may provide a tissue dosimeter of carcinogen exposure. In this paper research studies were mentioned that aimed at assessing the levels of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts and protein adducts, utilizing white blood cells, or tissue specimens obtained from tissue biopsy or autopsy. Another promising method in discovering BAP exposure are levels of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. The potential significance in surveillance and monitoring of aryl-hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) has been discussed.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Individual susceptibility to inhaled pollutants--identification, mechanisms and public health policy implications.

In every community, there are individuals whose chances of illness or accident are greater than those of others. In susceptible persons, adverse health effects occur at a lower exposure than in the majority of population. The reason for this, though often weak, can usually be ascertained. The paper focuses primarily on host factors that may increase an individual's susceptibility to air pollutants present in the general environment. These factors include genetic background, age, gender, nutritional status, physiological status, presence of coexisting lung disease, and lifestyle. They relate to various mechanisms of individual susceptibility to air pollutants from the environment into the body, to alterations in detoxification and immunological reactions, and to variations in the responsiveness of lung tissues. Several epidemiological techniques to detect biological events relevant to host susceptibility and disease progression are mentioned. They are mainly based on genetic traits, host characteristics, pulmonary function tests, biochemical and immune changes. Measuring the variations in risk among susceptible individuals is necessary to assess correctly respiratory health risk due to inhaled pollutants at the population level, and subsequently to develop rational public health policy to reduce the incidence of those diseases in a given population. Before being able to formulate this policy, however, one must know how to detect those individuals who are susceptible to air pollutants.

Age Factors↗