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Biomedical subjects

I Calder

Publications and source records attributed to I Calder.

63 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Specific food intolerance: its place as a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Thirteen out of 49 patients suspected of having specific food intolerance after withdrawal and reintroduction of specific foods, were further subjected to double blind placebo controlled food challenges. Only three of these subjects were thus shown to have proven specific food intolerance. Of the remaining 10, nine were strong 'placebo reactors'. The study suggests that a small number of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms have verifiable specific food intolerance but that a greater number have symptoms attributable to psychogenic causes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-phenacetin and their respective deacetylated metabolites in nitroreductase deficient Salmonella TA98FR and TA100FR.

The mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxyphenacetin and their respective deacetylated metabolites, N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene, and N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole was determined in nitroreductase deficient Salmonella tester strains TA 98FR and TA100FR. The mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene medicated by either rat liver microsomes or rat liver 105 000 g supernatant fractions was no different in either TA98 (nitroreductase proficient) or TA98FR (nitroreductase deficient). Similarly the mutagenicity of N-hydroxyphenacetin mediated by hamster liver microsomes was not affected by either the presence or absence of nitroreductase activity in TA100. N-Hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene were equipotent direct acting mutagens in both TA98 and TA98FR, as were both N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole in TA100 and TA 100FR. Ascorbate (5 mM) and NADPH (1 mM) had no significant effect on the mutagenicity of either N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene, or 2-nitrosofluorene in TA98 or TA98FR whereas ascorbate and NADPH markedly inhibited the mutagenicity of both N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole in both TA100 and TA100FR. Ascorbate appears to be inhibiting the mutagenicity of N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole as a result of the nonenzymatic chemical reduction of these compounds to non-mutagenic derivatives.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1982

The influence of metabolic variation on analgesic nephrotoxicity. Experiments with the Gunn rat.

The analgesics aspirin and paracetamol administered as single I.V. doses produce renal lesions in the homozygous Gunn rat. The lesions affect both cortex and medulla but are less severe than the renal lesions of analgesic nephropathy. By contrast the reactive compounds p-aminophenol and 5-aminosalicylic acid which are known to cause renal damage in other less susceptible strains respectively produce cortical and medullary renal lesions in homozygous Gunn rats which are as extensive as those found in patients with analgesic nephropathy. The increased frequency of renal lesions from the analgesics aspirin and paracetamol as compared to heterozygous and albino rats and the increased severity of the lesions due to p-aminophenol and 5-aminosalicylic acid is considered to be at least partly due to impaired glucuronide formation and consequent delayed excretion of nephrotoxic substances.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1980

Renal metabolism of paracetamol: studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney.

1. The metabolism of [3H]paracetamol has been studied in the perfused rat kidney. Seventy-four per cent of filtered paracetamol was reabsorbed. Paracetamol appeared in the urine; 90% was unaltered but 10% appeared as metabolites: the glucuronide, sulphate, mercapturic acid and cysteine conjugates. 2. At concentrations of paracetamol of 1--3 mmol/l no impairment of renal physiological function was observed. 3. The presence of the mercapturic acid and cysteine conjugates in the urine demonstrates the capacity of the kidney for oxidative metabolism of paracetamol and hence the formation of potentially toxic intermediates.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's blood lead levels in the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, South Australia.

This survey included 1,239 children, representing 50% of the elementary school population of the lead smelting town of Port Pirie. Of these children, 7% had a capillary blood lead level equal to or greater than 30 micrograms/dl, which is the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's "level of concern." There was a statistically significant difference in capillary lead levels by area of residence that was independent of age, sex, soil lead, rainwater tank lead, and school attended. A case-control study indicated that the following subset of factors was most predictive of an elevated blood lead level: household members who worked with lead in their occupations; living in a house with flaking paint on the outside walls; biting finger nails; eating lunch at home on school days; when at school, appearing to have relatively dirty clothing; when at school, appearing to have relatively dirty hands; and living on a household block with a large area of exposed dirt. A program to reduce the risk of elevated blood lead levels in Port Pirie children has been introduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tracheal intubation: how to do it.

Tracheal intubation can be life saving, but it is a dangerous procedure if the correct conditions have not been established. Repeated futile attempts at intubation should not be made: oxygenating the patient with a face mark or laryngeal mask airway should become a priority in this situation.

Anesthesia↗