Should doctors perform an elective caesarean section on request? Maternal choice alone should not determine method of delivery.
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Cesarean Section↗
Biomedical subjects
I I Bolaji
Publications and source records attributed to I I Bolaji.
Clinical evaluation of near-continuous oral micronized progesterone therapy in estrogenized postmenopausal women.
In an open non-comparative prospective trial of 12 months' duration, we investigated the role of a novel hormone replacement therapy regimen in 40 post-menopausal women who sought hormone replacement therapy. The regimen consisted of continuous administration of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen coupled with a fixed low-dose of micronized oral progesterone administered for 23 days every calendar month. The regimen was well-tolerated, producing no major side-effects and was effective in relieving menopausal symptoms. The study showed that 40% of the women experienced side-effects and 20% withdrew from the study. Half of the 20% of the women who dropped out did so for reasons not related to treatment. All symptomatic women experienced improvement after the 1st month, and virtually all were asymptomatic by the 3rd month of treatment, persisting until the end of the trial with the average number of hot flushes per day declining from the pretreatment levels by 96%. Amenorrhea was observed in 47% of patients, amenorrhea and minimal vaginal bleeding in 78% but acyclic bleeding was present in 28% of those in whom bleeding was re-established. Endometrial atrophy was induced in the majority of patients and no atypical endometrial hyperplasia was encountered. No significant changes were observed in blood glucose or liver enzymes. The mean percentage changes from baseline for serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL/HDL ratio were -6%, +32% (p < 0.001), -16% (p < 0.05), +15% (p < 0.05) and -23% (p < 0.05), respectively. The regimen was clinically effective and its apparent lack of major side-effects, the protective effect on the endometrium, the added advantage of minimal vaginal bleeding and the beneficial effect on lipid/lipoprotein levels, offer an attractive therapy and improved compliance with postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Administration, Oral↗
Perforation of the uterus and colon by copper-T intrauterine contraceptive device.
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Adult↗
Prolonged retention of fetal bones with osseous metaplasia of the endometrium.
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Adult↗
Sero-salivary progesterone correlation.
OBJECTIVES: The use of saliva has many advantages and the concentration of some sex steroids in saliva generally reflect serum levels. However, recently doubts have been cast on this relationship. This study was undertaken to establish any correlation between serum and salivary progesterone in quiescent and dynamic states. METHODS: Serum and salivary progesterone were measured in normally cycling (N = 23), pregnant (N = 10) and 5 postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy, using non-isotopic enzyme immunoassay on microtiter plates developed in this unit. RESULTS: Salivary progesterone was found to be approximately 1% of serum progesterone in normally cycling and pregnant women. There was good positive correlation between serum and salivary progesterone in normally cycling, pregnant and the postmenopausal women. The linear regression equation is y = 0.009x + 0.035: r = 0.987, P < 0.001; y = -0.011x -0.079: r = 0.958, P < 0.001; and y = 0.014x + 1.18: r = 0.714, P < 0.001, respectively. The maximum concentration of progesterone in postmenopausal women was achieved simultaneously in serum and saliva at 2 h post therapy thereby supporting the theory of rapid ultrafiltration of steroids from blood to saliva. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary progesterone measurement reflects serum concentration and provide an attractive alternative to serum measurement. It should become increasingly popular in gynecological and endocrinological investigations especially in longitudinal studies.
Adolescent↗
Post caesarean section delivery.
Recent clinical attention has focused upon the rising rate of caesarean sections being performed and whether patients with a previous caesarean section should be allowed a vaginal delivery. In this paper, the worldwide trend of caesarean section and the role of trial of scar following single and multiple caesarean surgery is reviewed. The role of oxytocin and regional epidural analgesia is evaluated as well as perinatal and maternal mortality. On the basis of the available data, there is no justification for the current clinical practice of almost 99% prevalence of elective repeat caesarean section in some hospitals in the North America. Oxytocin and epidural analgesia, when carefully monitored, are safe and reasonable in these patients. Watchful waiting has always been an essential virtue in obstetric management and should not be replaced by hopeful expectancy. This aspect of the art of obstetrics would appear to require rejuvenation if we are to stem the rising tide of caesarean sections.
Analgesia, Epidural↗
Caesarean section survey in Galway--1973 through 1987.
We review the trend, indications and maternal mortality with caesarean section at University College Hospital Galway from 1973 to 1987. The caesarean section rate (CSR) rose from 6.06% in 1973 to 10.18% in 1987, primary sections from 3.58% to 6.51% and repeat sections from 2.49% to 3.67% during the same interval. The four major indications for section were cephalopelvic disproportion, foetal distress, previous section and malpresentations. Lower segment caesarean section was the commonest operation and a slight increase in the classical operation was noted due to an increased intervention in prematurity. The maternal mortality rate was 11.2/10,000 in the 15-year period and the complications leading to death were ultimately ascribable to primary postpartum haemorrhage. Strategies for reduction in the CSR are discussed.
Adult↗
Low-dose progesterone therapy in oestrogenised postmenopausal women: effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and liver function parameters.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease among older women is a major health problem and is the leading cause of death in this group in developed countries. The risk is reduced in oestrogen users secondary to favourable lipid changes, but the beneficial effect of oestrogen may be counteracted when concomitant progestogens are administered. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of a novel hormone replacement therapy regimen on liver enzymes, lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Prospective open, non-comparative trial for 12 months. METHODS: 40 healthy postmenopausal women, (mean age +/- S.D.), 53.5 +/- 3 years received 0.625 mg of conjugated equine oestrogen daily and 100 mg of micronised oral progesterone (P) for the first 23 days every calendar month for 12 months without interruption. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Gonadotrophins, liver function parameters and lipoproteins were measured before treatment and at the 6th, 9th and 12th months of treatment. RESULTS: Compliance with treatment was confirmed by a 33% decrease in mean serum level of follicle stimulating hormone at the end of 1 year of treatment. In the same period, the mean serum cholesterol, LDL and LDL/HDL ratio decreased by 6%, 16% and 23% of the base line levels, respectively. The percentage changes in triglycerides and HDL from the basal levels were +32% (P < 0.001) and +15% (P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that near continuous administration of fixed low-dose of P has no adverse effects on the lipid milieu of postmenopausal women when combined with long-term continuous oestrogen replacement therapy provided women with borderline triglyceridaemia are excluded.
Administration, Oral↗
Assessment of bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone using a salivary progesterone enzymeimmunoassay.
Salivary progesterone was measured sequentially by enzymeimmunoassay following 1 month and 6 months of oral therapy with 100 mg of micronized progesterone (MOP) in 40 healthy estrogenized postmenopausal women (aged 40-68 years). MOP was administered for 23 days every month. There were striking differences in the absorption of MOP between various subjects. Significant increases occurred in salivary progesterone concentrations over baseline and pretreatment levels and persisted for at least 10 h. Levels of salivary progesterone remained higher than pretreatment levels for at least 24 h after administration of MOP. Maximum mean concentrations of salivary progesterone of 827.2 and 888 pmol/l in the 1st and 6th months of therapy, respectively, were achieved within 2 h of administration and were above the 95th percentile of a control corridor which corresponds to the range found in the luteal phase. The areas under the salivary progesterone curve (AUC0-24 h, pmol/l) were 7177.75 and 7388.20 respectively, in the 1st and 6th months of therapy but the difference was not statistically significant. Serum and salivary progesterone peaked simultaneously and there was a significant correlation between the concentrations measured concurrently (y = 233.08 + 35.575x; r = 0.89, p < 0.001) thus supporting the current concept of a relatively rapid diffusion of steroids from plasma to saliva. Results of this study confirm those of previous investigations which monitored the bioavailability of MOP with the use of serum progesterone measurements and showed that luteal phase progesterone concentrations can be attained easily. The use of non-invasive salivary sampling and a cost-effective, direct enzymeimmunoassay showed a considerable advantage in the present study, compared with previous ones. We conclude that 100 mg MOP should be given at least twice-daily to maintain a stable physiological luteal phase level of progesterone during clinical hormone replacement therapy.
Administration, Oral↗
Post-menopausal cyclic eruptions: autoimmune progesterone dermatitis.
Two cases of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (AIPD) are reported. The patients developed a recurrent eruption, primarily on the extremities after receiving oral oestrogen/progesterone replacement for the treatment of climacteric symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed in one of the cases who had intradermal progesterone injection producing an early positive reaction. One case required transient prednisolone therapy and both eventually resolved completely. Aetiological postulates are discussed.
Autoimmunity↗
Classical caesarean section through the posterior uterine wall.
We report a case of myomectomy and classical caesarean section through the posterior uterine wall necessitated by 180 degrees dextro-rotation of a gravid uterus with large fibroids. The non-specific clinical course and rarity of pathological torsion of the gravid uterus makes the preoperative diagnosis difficult. Ultrasound recognition antenatally of a fibroid changing its position should help with the prediction preoperatively of uterine rotation.
Adult↗
Acardius in a triplet pregnancy: cytogenetic and morphological profile.
We describe a rare case of acardius in a triplet pregnancy terminated by Caesarean Section at 32 weeks gestation. Morphological and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus as well as structural abnormalities of the placenta are presented. Cytogenetic analysis and examination of the single disc triplet placenta provide evidence for the two major theories of pathogenesis of acardius, the twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence and the genetic theory, which we believe are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Abnormalities, Multiple↗
The return of postpartum fertility monitored by enzyme-immunoassay for salivary progesterone.
A longitudinal study in which daily salivary progesterone and estrone were measured by solid-phase enzyme-immunoassays was performed in 30 postpartum women to monitor the return of ovarian activity. Ovulation was inferred from a sustained rise in salivary progesterone over 251 pmol/l, but salivary estrone measurements were not as informative as progesterone in this regard. Recovery of ovarian activity was slower in lactating women compared with non-lactators; the mean delivery-menstruation interval were 123 (+/- 10) and 57 (+/- 7) days, respectively. An abnormal luteal phase was noted in 35% of the first ovulatory cycles, 20% had short luteal phases and 15% were less than the 5th percentile of a normal control corridor. The pregnancy rate in this study of 3.3% was lower than the anticipated rate of 8.8%. We conclude that salivary progesterone measurements are useful for monitoring the return of ovarian activity postnatally.
Adult↗
Idiopathic pigmentosis tubae.
Case Report--A 33-year-old woman was examined because of primary infertility. Hysterosalpingography plus laparoscopy led to a diagnosis of the extremely rare condition of pigmentosis of the fallopian tube, with complete tubal occlusion as the cause of the infertility. The condition appeared to be idiopathic.
Adult↗