Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to I K Kragha.
The mean declared age of 137 male and 56 female optometry clinic patients was 2.4 years (SD = 3.8) lower than the birth certified or true age. Approximately 57% of the males and about 52% of the females had discrepancies between their declared and true ages. A more penetrating re-evaluation of prior claims concerning Nigerian (or other tropical countries) age-related health issues may be advisable in view of the present findings of age errors.
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A study of glaucoma prevalence in Nigeria was undertaken using data from the eye clinic records of 622 females aged between 4 and 80 years and 1055 males aged between 5 and 95 years who attended the Evangelical Churches of West Africa Eye Hospital, Kano, northern Nigeria, in January, 1985. Glaucoma occurred in 8.6% of the patients. Comparative analysis of glaucoma prevalence studies from different parts of the world and using different sampling techniques showed a marked variation.
An analysis of the causes of blindness in northern Nigeria was undertaken. The leading causes of blindness in order of frequency of occurrence were cataracts, glaucoma, corneal diseases, trachoma, and trauma.
This study presents the prevalence, age, and sex differences of eye diseases in northern Nigeria using the records of 1677 eye hospital patients. The most common eye disease are cataract, refractive error and presbyopia, and diseases of the conjunctiva and sclera. There are no significant age and sex differences in the prevalence of most eye conditions.
A clinical study of the refractive errors of 349 females aged between 5 and 69 years and 473 males aged between 3 and 62 years was undertaken. This report describes the prevalence of the different types of refractive errors with regard to sex and age.
Eight hundred and eighty-eight optometrists of North and Central America were asked to provide data on their typical bifocal addition (add) for 45-, 50-, 55-, and 60-year-old males and females. Analysis of the 577 responses shows no significant difference of adds with the mean annual temperatures of the optometrists' communities at any of the four age levels. The mean annual temperatures in the survey ranged from -7 degrees Centigrade (19 degrees Fahrenheit) in Alaska to 26 degrees Centigrade (79 degrees Fahrenheit) in Puerto Rico. Previously reported inverse correlations are explained in terms of a self-selection bias by patients at the earlier presbyopic age levels when age of onset criteria are used instead of more advanced presbyopic age levels when all persons seek ophthalmic services. The mean adds for females at all four age levels were between 0.05 and 0.06 D higher than for males, theoretically attributable to differences of physical stature rather than of age of onset or advancement of presbyopia.
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A literature survey of amplitudes of accommodation in various countries is presented. Results of push-up and minus-lens determination of 447 patients in Nigeria are compared with previous results. A smaller decrement in amplitude due to temperature than previously accepted is suggested.
A study investigating the corneal power and degree of astigmatism in 520 patients at a university optometry clinic in Benin-City, Nigeria was undertaken. The mean low corneal power and the mean high corneal power were 42.7 +/- 1.5 diopters and 43.3 +/- 1.5 diopters, respectively. The mean corneal astigmatism was 0.61 +/- 0.63 diopters. Although female corneas were significantly steeper than those of males, there was no significant difference between the corneal astigmatism with regard to sex. The data reported suggest that nutrition plays a less important role in corneal astigmatism than other authors have proposed.
The frequency distribution of the optic cup/optic disc ratio (CDR) and the optic cup depth (OCD) were investigated using clinical data. The mean CDR is 0.30 (SD = 0.13), and the mean OCD is 2.10 D (SD = 0.89 D). Seventy-four percent of 1352 eyes had a CDR of 0.3 or less, and 68% of 1168 eyes had an OCD of 2 D or less. The distribution of the CDR's differs from a normal distribution, but that of the OCD's is nearly normal.
This paper describes the number, distribution, and characteristics of optometric practices in Nigeria and compares them to similar data in the U.S.A. The results indicate more similarities than differences--the latter attributable to the difference in the age of the profession in the two countries.
A total of 447 female and 915 male presbyopic patients were examined in the Benin-City, Nigeria optometry clinic. Comparison of bifocal adds with published data from other areas of the globe suggests that climatic temperature has less effect on the age of onset of presbyopia than other authors have claimed.
Using clinical data, normative values of accommodative vergence and related tests are presented and compared to previously published data. The results are highly variable. The 'phorias are the most variable tests while positive relative accommodation (PRA) and the recovery values on the whole have moderate variability. Negative relative accommodation (NRA), pupil size, break and blur findings on average exhibit low variation.