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I Levin

Publications and source records attributed to I Levin.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Gender differences in predicting loneliness from social network characteristics.

In two studies we examined gender differences in predicting loneliness from measures of social network structure and a measure of perceived social support. The results showed that social network characteristics, especially density, were consistently better predictors of perceived loneliness for men than for women. Study 1 used the traditional measure of network density in which the number of relationships among network members was determined. Study 2 used a newly developed index of density that assessed the extent of closeness of relationships between pairs of network members. Uniformly, male subjects with more highly interconnected, cohesive sets of friends reported themselves to be less lonely, whereas density had little relation to loneliness in female subjects. These results are discussed as possibly indicating that men and women use different standards in evaluating whether they are lonely. It is suggested that men may use more group-oriented criteria in evaluating loneliness, whereas women focus more on the qualities of dyadic relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

An examination of the relation of individual difference variables to loneliness.

This study investigated the relation of five individual difference variables (extroversion, depression, self-esteem, neuroticism, and attitude toward others) to loneliness. The relative contributions of two different models that might explain these relations were examined. One model suggests that individual difference variables are related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables; that is, individual difference variables may reduce people's motivation and/or ability to build and maintain social relationships, which in turn leads to loneliness. The second model, the cognitive bias model, states that both the individual difference variables and loneliness are influenced by the same intrapersonal, cognitive processes. Some people are prone to negative affect and tend to evaluate themselves and their relationships negatively. The relations of self-esteem, neuroticism, and depression to loneliness were hypothesized to reflect the cognitive bias model, while extroversion and attitudes toward others were hypothesized to be related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables. Eighty-two female and 42 male adults completed measures of loneliness and the five individual difference variables, as well as an instrument assessing their social networks. The results indicated partial support for both models for each of the individual difference variables. Together, the two models did a good job of explaining the correlations of the individual difference variables and loneliness. The implications of these findings, as well as their relation to previous research, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Interference of time-related and unrelated cues with duration comparisons of young children: analysis of Piaget's formulation of the relation of time and speed.

The analysis of the relation of time and speed led Piaget to conclude that the time-speed confusion characterizing the intuitive stage undergoes development. He claimed that in the first stage, a child comparing the duration of two moving bodies attributes longer duration to the faster body, whereas in the second stage, he attributes longer duration to the slower body. It is proposed here that time-speed confusion is mediated simply by "more is more," and hence, as long as the child continues to confuse time with speed, he believes "faster" implies longer duration. Moreover, this confusion should not differ either in form or extent from the confusion of time and many other arbitrary quantitative dimensions (e.g., intensity of light). 72 children, 4-7 years old, compared duration differing either on speed or on intensity of light. As predicted, the tasks did not differ on performance level or on error types. Moreover, the performance on both tasks was consistent with the predictions of a facet model pertaining to analysis of time problems. Confusion dissipated with age and was similar for boys and girls.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

The development of time concepts in young children: the relations between duration and succession.

108 children from nursery school, first grade, and third grade were given 5 problems measuring the concept of time, in which they were required to judge and explain which of 2 partially overlapping events started first, which ended first, and which lasted for a longer time. 2 types of problems were used which presented time with and without the interference of movement: "still time" (the duration of 2 lights) and "linear time" (the traveling time of 2 toy cars). In both types of problems, judging the succession of both beginnings and endings was equally difficult and was easier than judging duration. Duration judgments were explaned predominantly by succession, whereas succession judgments were explained tautologically or by mere "seeing." Overall, performance increased with age and decreased with interference. A recent model of the development of time concepts is further elaborated and compared with Piaget's framework.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resection of the kidney in nephrolithiasis].

The results of 155 partial nephrectomies performed in 149 patients during the years 1962-1981 are discussed. Indications, surgical technique, complications and results are presented. The results show that partial nephrectomy has an acceptably low risk and late results show lower recurrence of stone formation as compared with pyelolithotomy or nephrolithotomy. The rate of true ipsilateral recurrences was 18.69 per cent in 123 followed kidneys.

Adolescent↗