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Biomedical subjects

I Maltzman

Publications and source records attributed to I Maltzman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Factors associated with alcohol use in university students.

A survey was conducted of drinking, drug use attitudes, beliefs, personality and demographic characteristics of students on a university campus. Gender, ethnic and social group differences were also examined. It was concluded that a biopsychosocial matrix of determinants influenced alcohol consumption and its excessive consumption. Two general factors emerged from analyses of the results. They may be interpreted as entering into a complex approach-avoidance conflict where the net approach tendency determines overall alcohol consumption. Personality characteristics and presumably their biological correlates, as well as set and setting, or attitudes, beliefs and environmental influences contribute to the approach-avoidance conflict that determines abstinence or varying amounts of alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Individual and family characteristics of middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse.

The frequency of alcohol and drug use, abuse and severity of dependence, and personality and family characteristics in 280 female and male hospitalized adolescents in treatment for chemical dependence and 120 middle class adolescents were examined. A MANOVA showed that parents' drug and alcohol use was a main effect, increasing frequency of use and severity of dependence upon alcohol and drugs in both groups of adolescents. Sexual and physical abuse studied in the patient group also functioned as a main effect. Patients reported significantly less family interests, and participation in intellectual, cultural and social activities, but more control than the comparison group. It was concluded that adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse is part of a biopsychosocial syndrome of problem behavior, which includes the problem behavior of parents and the interacting family unit.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1991

Selective effects of alcohol on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance.

Social drinker volunteers were randomly assigned to the four cells of a balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per cell. They consumed a beverage which contained either tonic water only, or tonic water plus sufficient vodka to induce peak blood alcohol levels of approximately 0.05%. Subjects then completed a computer version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in two runs. Compared to tonic only, beverage alcohol selectively increased per cent perseverative errors as well as other measures of perseveration and the number of trials, p less than 0.05. Results are interpreted in terms of an hypothesized differential action on functions of the frontal cortex in addition to possible non-specific effects of alcohol. Issues pertaining to expectancy interpretations are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Selective effects of alcohol on electrodermal indices of orienting reflexes to signal and nonsignal stimuli.

Effects of a moderate dose of alcohol on the electrodermal orienting reflexes evoked by novel signal, novel nonsignal, and common nonsignal stimuli were assessed. Social drinkers were randomly assigned to the four cells of a balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per group. They drank a beverage consisting of either tonic water only, or tonic water plus enough vodka to raise blood alcohol levels to approximately .05%. Following drinking and absorption periods, spontaneous and evoked skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. Subjects pressed a footpedal whenever they heard an odd stimulus tone in a series. Alcohol increased the frequency of spontaneous SCRs, increased the number of incorrect pedal-press responses, and selectively enhanced SCRs evoked by the signal tone, p less than .05. Results are interpreted in terms of a hypothesized selective effect of alcohol on frontal cortical inhibitory functions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

The balanced placebo design: effects of alcohol and beverage instructions cannot be independently assessed.

Subjects were randomly assigned to the four cells of the balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per cell. Following told-alcohol or told-no alcohol beverage instruction manipulations, participants consumed either a vodka-tonic beverage containing a dose of vodka sufficient to induce a peak blood alcohol level of 0.05% or a beverage containing only tonic water. Subjects' self-report ratings of beverage alcohol content indicated that alcohol overrode the effects of beverage instructions in the told-tonic/given-alcohol condition. It was concluded that the design cannot independently evaluate effects of both alcohol and beverage instructions when behaviorally significant alcohol doses are administered.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A reply to Cook, "Craftsman versus Professional: Analysis of the Controlled Drinking Controversy".

I agree with Cook that ideology may influence the selection and presentation of facts in behavioral science. But this is not a primary issue involved in the so-called controlled drinking controversy. A primary issue is my allegation that the Sobells did not do what they said they did and they did not find what they said they found. I believe that the Sobells did not conduct their IBTA study in the manner in which they claimed. On the contrary, they have made mutually contradictory claims concerning the procedures employed. Evidence is also presented suggesting the nonrandom assignment of patients to experimental and control groups.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1985

Behavioural and electrodermal measures of lateralization for music perception in musicians and nonmusicians.

Two groups of students, musicians and nonmusicians were tested on a dichotic listening forced choice recognition task with concurrent recording of bilateral electrodermal activity. Stimuli were excerpts of Bach 4-part chorales; probes were the soprano, bass, harmony or the chorale excerpt, with or without changed notes. Laterality effects in recognition and the GSR were obtained only in musicians as a function of the complexity of the task. It was concluded that styles of information processing assumed by the hemispheres are the consequence of an interaction between the stimulus and the state of the organism at the moment, such that the direction of laterality can change within a subject performing the same task depending upon its perceptual demand.

Auditory Perception↗