Infant visual acuity is underestimated because near threshold gratings are not preferentially fixated.
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Fixation, Ocular↗
Biomedical subjects
I Mohindra
Publications and source records attributed to I Mohindra.
Near retinoscopy and cycloplegic retinoscopy in early primary grade schoolchildren.
Retinoscopy under cycloplegia with various agents can yield varied results. Additionally, cycloplegics and produce adverse local as well as central nervous system disturbances. A noncycloplegic near retinoscopy technique as promulgated by Mohindra is compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy on schoolchildren in early grades. Results obtained by a study utilizing the two techniques show that they yield similar objective measurements of refraction.
Child↗
Strabismic amblyopia in infants.
Monocular acuities, in two infants with nonaccommodative comitant esotropia, were measured before and during occlusion therapy. The results indicate that strabismic amblyopia is present within the first year of life and that the infant visual system is remarkably sensitive to short periods of monocular occlusion during this time period.
Amblyopia↗
Development of amblyopia in infants.
New techniques have permitted serial assessments of visual acuity in infants. Acuity measurements in infants with astigmatism did not reveal meridional amblyopia during the first year of life. Measurements in infants with esotropia showed marked differences in acuity of the two eyes as early as the first 6 months of life. Therapeutic occlusion of the non-deviating eye improves the acuity of the deviating eye but at the expense of the occluded eye. After discontinuing occlusion, rapid increases in acuity of the formerly occluded eye can occur.
Aging↗
Astigmatism in infants.
Compared with children of school age, infants show ten times the incidence and considerably greater amounts of clinically significant astigmatism. The amount begins to decrease in the second semester of life, and the incidence declines during the third year. The unanticipated results bear on both the etiology and the neural sequelae of astigmatism.
Age Factors↗
Infant visual acuity and its meridional variation.
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Aging↗
Astigmatism in Zuni and Navajo indians.
Data provided by a practicing optometrist in Gallup, New Mexico indicate a greater than expected frequency of astigmatism among first- and second-grade Zuni and Navajo Indian children. Zuni children displayed a greater frequency of high astigmatism (3.00 D) than Navajo children. In an effort to understand the etiology of this prevalence of high astigmatism, a study of corneal astigmatism in 22 Zuni families was undertaken. The results suggest both genetic and environmental causes. A very high frequency of albinism was also observed among the Zuni.
Adolescent↗
Early treatment of anisometropic astigmatism and strabismus.
A 4-year-old boy with uncorrected anisometropic indirect astigmatism showed amblyopia and strabismus. Over a period of approximately 3 yr, neutralization of the refractive error and treatment of the amblyopia and strabismus resulted in single binocular vision with good stereopsis. The results suggest that at least up to age 7 the visual system is sufficiently plastic to be modified by treatment.
Astigmatism↗
Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenital cytomegaloviral and toxoplasma infections.
Sensorineural hearing loss was present in ten of 59 (17%) patients with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (three of eight born with symptomatic and seven of 51 born with subclinical infection). The defect was bilateral in eight, moderate to profound in eight, and of progressive nature in two. Hearing loss did not occur in 21 patients with natal CMV infection nor in seven of 12 patients with congenital toxoplasmosis. Histopathologic and immunofluorescent studies of the inner ear in two of three neonates who died with severe infection revealed that viral antigens were widely distributed in cochlear structures. Eye pathology was associated only with congenital Toxoplasma (nine of 12) and CMV (seven of 43) infections. Visual impairments were more prominent and severe in those born with symptomatic infections, exclusively so with CMV. However, ocular defects, in particular chorioretinitis, developed after birth in five of eight patients born with asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis. These data firmly establish clinically inapparent congenital CMV infection as a major public health problem and confirm the fact that congenital toxoplasmosis may be associated with late-appearing, debilitating chorioretinitis.
Audiometry↗
A non-cycloplegic refraction technique for infants and young children.
An objective, near-retinoscopy technique for assessing non-cyloplegic refractions in infants and young children is presented. The technique involves performing retinoscopy at near in an otherwise dark room, as the patient fixates the retinoscope light with one eye, while the other is occluded. Data are presented which support the reliability and validity of this technique in adults and infants.
Age Factors↗
Comparison of "near retinoscopy" and subjective refraction in adults.
Static retinoscopy can yield contaminated results because the central rays of the retinoscope beam are oblique with respect to the line of sight of the eye being examined. Additionally, it is difficult to obtain steady distant fixation by children and infants. A near-retinoscopy technique is described, and refractive errors obtained by subjective refraction and near retinoscopy on adults are compared to show that the latter technique yields reliable and valid measures of refraction.
Adult↗
Vision profile of deaf children.
The vision status of 77 deaf children from Beverly School for the Deaf, Beverly, Massachusetts, was investigated in 6 general areas: visual acuity, refractive status, binocularity, color vision, pathology, and visual perceptual motor function. The significant results of this study that were different from the previously investigated work were in the areas of myopia and visual perceptual motor function. Myopia of only moderate to low degree was found in about 5.8% of the total poulation, which is significantly below the mean percentage found in a normal population. Almost 50% of the children showed deficiencies in and 1 or more of the 3 perceptual motor areas investiaged, i.e., visual memory, spatial organization, and Gesell copy forms.
Adolescent↗
A technique for infant vision examination.
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Accommodation, Ocular↗
Fixation disparity and learning disabilities.
This study was conducted at the Massachusetts College of Optometry in 1974 to determine if there is a relationship between binocularity and learning disabilities. A fixation disparity test was administered to 53 learning disabled and 61 normal children in a blind study. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in binocularity between the two groups as measured by the fixation disparity technique.
Adolescent↗