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Biomedical subjects

I Salmeen

Publications and source records attributed to I Salmeen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Common components of industrial metal-working fluids as sources of carbon for bacterial growth.

Water-based metal-working fluids used in large-scale industrial operations consist of many components, but in the most commonly used formulations only three classes of components are present in high enough concentrations that they could, in principle, provide enough carbon to support the high bacterial densities (10 CFU/ml) often observed in contaminated factory fluids. These components are petroleum oil (1 to 5%), petroleum sulfonates (0.1 to 0.5%), and fatty acids (less than 0.1%, mainly linoleic and oleic acids supplied as tall oils). We isolated pure strains of predominating bacteria from contaminated reservoirs of two metal-working systems and randomly selected 12 strains which we tested in liquid culture for growth with each of the metal-working fluid components as the sole source of carbon. Of the 12 strains, 7 reached high density (10 CFU/ml from an initial inoculum of less than 2 x 10) in 24 h, and 1 strain did the same in 48 h with 0.05% oleic or linoleic acid as the carbon source. These same strains also grew on 1% naphthenic petroleum oil but required up to 72 h to reach densities near 10 CFU/ml. One strain grew slightly and the others not at all on the petroleum sulfonates. The four remaining strains did not grow on any of the components, even though they were among the predominating bacteria in the contaminated system. Of the seven strains that grew best on the fatty acids and on the naphthenic petroleum oil, five were tentatively identified as Acinetobacter species and two were identified as Pseudomonas species. Four of the bacteria that did not grow were tentatively identified as species of Pseudomonas, and one could not be identified.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Motion of mitochondria in cultured cells quantified by analysis of digitized images.

Translational movements of mitochondria in cultured rat liver cells were characterized quantitatively by using a video camera to detect and a video digitizer-computer system to analyze fluorescent images of mitochondria stained with rhodamine 123. The centroids of the images of individual mitochondria were determined at selected time intervals and the paths followed by the mitochondria were defined by the paths of the centroids. The predominant translation motion of the mitochondria satisfied the formal conditions of a Brownian random walk for a free particle, although in several cases there was a slow drift superimposed on the random motion. The apparent diffusion coefficients were approximately 5 X 10(-12) cm2 s-1, and the drift speeds approximately 2 X 10(-3) micron s-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Some effects of bacteria population on quantitation of Ames Salmonella-histidine reversion mutagenesis assays.

We show from simple theory that the number of mutants observed in the Ames assay should be approximately proportional to alpha Cn0P where alpha is the mutation rate per concentration of mutagen, C; n0 is the initial inoculum; and P is the average number of bacteria per colony in the background lawn. We tested this theory by carrying out Ames assays for the directly acting mutagen 2-nitrofulorene on TA98 as a function of initial inoculum over the range 10(4)-10(8) bacteria/plate. P was assumed to be proportional to the average volume of the background colonies and was estimated from 100X photomicrographs of the background lawn. The initial inoculum was determined by counting background colonies in the photomicrography, by dilution-plating, and by electronic particle counting. We found that the number of mutants depended weakly on n0, but the dependence could be quantitatively accounted for by the simple theory. These data and the theory explain the least some of the reported variations in quantitation of the Ames assay; show that the slopes of dose response curves depend on n0; explain the range observed for spontaneous revertants; suggest some limitations to quantifying the Ames assay and, within these limits, suggest a method for normalizing independently obtained Ames assay data.

Mathematics↗
PubMed1978

Raman spectra of heme a, cytochrome oxidase-ligand complexes, and alkaline denatured oxidase.

We report 441.6 nm excitation resonance Raman spectra of oxidized and reduced monomeric heme a-imidazole, cytochrome oxidase-exogenous ligand complexes in various redox states, and alkaline denatured oxidase. These data show that, in reduced oxidase, the cytochrome a3 Raman spectrum has bands at 215, 364, 1230, and 1670 cm-1 not observed in the cytochrome a spectrum. The appearance of these bands in the reduced cytochrome a3 spectrum is due to interactions between the heme a of cytochrome a3 and its protein environment and not to intrinsic properties of heme a. These interactions are pH sensitive and strongly influence the vibrational spectra of both heme a groups. We assign the 1670-cm-1 band to the heme a formyl substituent and propose that the intensity of the 1670 cm-1 is high for reduced cytochrome a3 because the C==O lies in the porphyrin plane and is very weak for oxidized and reduced cytochrome a, oxidized cytochrome a3, and oxidized and reduced heme a-imidazole because the C==O lies out of the plane. We suggest that movement of the C==O in and out of the plane explains the ligand induced spectral shift in the optical absorption spectrum of reduced cytochrome a3. Finally, we confirm the observation of Adar & Yonetani (private communication) that, under laser illumination, resting oxidase is photoreactive.

Cytochromes↗
PubMed1977

A phase-shift fluorometer using a laser and a transverse electrooptic modulator for subnanosecond lifetime measurements.

We described a simple phase-shift fluorometer using continuous laser excitation. The laser enables the use of a transverse mode electrooptic modulator with a half-wave retardation voltage of about 200 V (in contrast to many kilovolts of longitudinal modulators) at frequencies up to 100 MHz. The modulated fluorescence signal is detected, after passing through a double monochromator, by a photomultiplier tube feeding a radio frequency (RF) tuned amplifier. THE RF phase is then determined by phase-sensitive detection using a double balanced mixer with the reference obtained from a PIN photodiode-turned amplifier combination which detects light split off from the main exciting beam. The laser and double monochromator allow the observation of modulated Raman solvent and Rayleigh scatterin, which are convenient for determining the zero reference phase.

Kinetics↗
PubMed1977

A moving spot high resolution scanning microspectrometer using focused laser illumination: illustrations with acriflavin stained sephadex beads and human fibroblast nuclei.

We describe a high resolution moving spot scanning microspectrometer, capable of absorption or fluorescence detection, using focused laser illumination which is moved over the sample by rotating the laser beam direction prior to focusing. This rotation is achieved by reflecting the beam from mirrors mounted on bending mode piezoelectric transducers which, when bent by an applied voltage, cause the mirrors to rotate. The images of optically thin samples are analyzed by considering the convolution of the focused spot intensity distribution with the absorbance of a uniformly stained spherical particle. This analysis is verified experimentally with data from acriflavin stained Sephadex beads. Data from acriflavin-Feulgen stained human fibroblasts indicate that the efficiency of this type of nuclear staining is about 2 to 3 dye molecules incorporated per 100 nucleotide pairs. Quantitative data on fading of acriflavin fluorescence in stained fibroblasts indicate that fading is negligible in the time required to record the microscope images.

Acridines↗
PubMed1976

Hydrodynamic diameters of murine mammary, Rous sarcoma, and feline leukemia RNA tumor viruses: studies by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy and electron microscopy.

We have studied purified preparations of murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV; Prague strain), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy, ultra-centrifugation, and electron microscopy. The laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy measurements yield the light-scattering intensity, weighted diffusion coefficients. The corresponding average hydrodynamic diameters, as calculated from the diffusion coefficients by the Stokes-Einstein equation for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 144 +/- 6 nm, 147 +/- 7 nm, and 168 +/- 6 nm. Portions of the purified RSV and MuMTV preparations, from which light-scattering samples were obtained, and portions of the actual FeLV light-scattering samples were examined by negatively stained, catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy. The light-scattering intensity weighted averages of the electron micrograph size distributions were calculated by weighing each size by its theoretical relative scattering intensity, as obtained from published tables computed according to the Mie scattering theory. These averages and the experimentally observed hydrodynamic diameters agreed to within +/- 5%, which is the combined experimental error in the electron microscopic and light-scattering techniques. We conclude that the size distributions of singlet particles observed in the electron micrographs are statistically true representations of the sedimentation-purified solution size distributions. The sedimentation coefficients (S20, w) for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 595 +/- 29S, 689 +/- 35S, and 880 +/- 44S. Virus partial specific volumes were taken as the reciprocals of the buoyant densities, determined in sucrose density gradients. The Svedberg equation was used to calculate particle weights from the measured diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. The particle weights for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: (3.17 +/- 0.32) x 10(8), (4.17 +/- 0.42) x 10(8), and (5.50 +/- 0.55) x 10(8) daltons.

Avian Sarcoma Viruses↗
PubMed1976

Reverse transcriptase activity per virion for avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukemia virus.

We have measured reverse transcriptase enzyme activity per virus particle for samples of avian myeloblastosis virus (BAI strain) and murine leukemia virus (RAUSCHER) USing the synthetic template poly(rC)-oligo(dG). Absolute virus concentrations were determined directly by laser beat frequency spectroscopy. Enzyme activity per virion was determined from the slope of the activity plotted as a function of virus concentration. With this reverse transcriptase assay, the minimum activity (expressed as picomoles of dGTP incorporated/virion per hour) is estimated at (28.1 +/- 4.2) X 10(-7) for avian myeloblastosis virus and (1.1 +/- 0.2) X 10(-7) for murine leukemia virus. The sensitivity of this assay, which is determined by the level of incorporated radioactivity measurable above background, is 2.5 X 10(-4) virions for avian myeloblastosis virus (with dGTP specific activity of 8.9 Ci/mmol) and 88 X 10(-4) virions for murine leukemia virus (with dGTP specific activity of 6.52 CI/mmol). These results show that although reverse transcriptase assays can obviously be used to measure relative virus concentrations of equally purified samples of the same virus, they can be very misleading when used to compare the concentrations of different virus species.

Avian Leukosis Virus↗
PubMed1975

Electrophoretic mobilities of RNA tumor viruses. Studies by Doppler-shifted light scattering spectroscopy.

We have used laser beat frequency light scattering spectroscopy to measure, at several pH values, the electrophoretic mobilities of purified avian myeloblastosis (AMV), murine leukemia (MuLV), murine mammary tumor (MuMTV), and feline leukemia (FeLV) viruses. The mobilities of these viruses are similar at pH greater than or equal to7 (-2.7 to -3.2 X 10(-4) (cm/sec)/(V/cm). The isoelectric points of MuLV and AMV are apparently less than pH 3, whereas for FeLV the data could be interpreted to indicate an isoelectric point between 3 and 5. Using a Debye-Hückel model to describe the interaction between electrolytes and virus, we show that our values for the mobility of MuMTV, obtained in ionic strength 0.005, are consistent with the values of Sarkar et al. ((1973), Cancer Res. 33, 2283), obtained in ionic strength of 0.10. This model is then used to calculate surface charge densities. In terms of the density of charged groups, the RNA tumor virus envelope is not very different from the erythrocyte membrane.

Avian Leukosis Virus↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of the resonance Raman spectra of carbon monoxy and oxy hemoglobin and myoglobin: similarities and differences in heme electron distribution.

With 441.6-nm excitation, which is near the Soret band, we observe that the resonance Raman spectra of hemoproteins contain not only the bands between 650 and 1700 cm-1 which arise from vibrations of the conjugated macrocycle, but also bands below 650 cm-1, some of which involve vibrations of the iron pyrrole-nitrogen bonds. The spectra of the oxygen and carbon monoxide complexes of both myoglobin and hemoglobin are sufficiently similar to those of low spin met derivatives, that the electronic distribution on the heme for both ligands can be interpreted as that of a low spin ferriheme. This agrees with an earlier interpretation, by others, of comparative optical absorption spectra and, as pointed out previously, would imply that in the complex the ligands are bound as O2- and CO-. However, band frequencies and relative intensities differ somewhat between the carbon monoxide and oxygen complexes of the same protein, which indicates differences between the details of the pi-electron distributions in the corresponding complexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hydrodynamic diameters of RNA tumor viruses. Studies by laser beat frequency light scattering spectroscopy of avian myeloblastosis and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses.

The diffusion constants of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) (Rauscher) suspensions in buffer and in 30% sucrose were determined by laser beat frequency light scattering spectroscopy at a series of temperatures ranging rom 5 to 25 degrees. By the use of the Stokes-Einstein equation, the following hydrodynamic diameters are calculated at 20 degrees: MuLV, 154 plus or minus 3 nm in sucrose and 145 plus or minus 7 nm in buffer; AMV, 144 plus or minus 3 nm in sucrose and 138 plus or minus 4 nm in buffer. While the diameters measured in buffer were temperature independent, the diameters measured in sucrose decreased by about 20% as the temperature was raised from 5 to 25 degrees. The concentration of virus particles in the suspensions ranged from 10 7 to 10 9 particles/ml. The absolute particle concentrations are estimated within plus or minus 30% by determining the dilution needed to reach a concentration sufficiently low that the particle number fluctuation contribution was comparable to that of the interference scattering. Particle weights of 3.9 x 10 8 daltons for MuLV and 4.0 x 10 8 daltons for AMV were calculated from the diffusion constants and from our own experimentally determined sedimentation coefficients. From these particle weights and the hydrodynamic diameters of the viruses, we calculated the per cent of the hydrodynamic volume of the viruses which could be freely penetrated by water, viz., 57% for AMV and 69% for MuLV.

Avian Leukosis Virus↗
PubMed1975

Quantitation of RNA tumor viruses by spectroscopy of density gradient gels.

We have developed a system for virus particle quantitation based on the measurement of the optical absorbance of stained viruses which first have been banded at their buoyant density in an equilibrum 24 to 53% (wt/wt) sucrose density gradient, then fixed in position in the gradient by photopolymerizing an acrylamide-riboflavin mixture in the sucrose, and finally stained and destained. Using plasma from mice infected with leukemia virus (Rauscher) or chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus (BAI strain) or suitable controls, we have shown that this technique specifically detects RNA tumor viruses. By using virus stock solutions for which the absolute concentrations were determined by laser beat frequency spectroscopy, we have calibrated the absorbance of the viral bands in terms of virus particle concentration. Using 0.8-ml gradients gels (4 by 45 mm) we can detect as low as 2 x 10(7) viral particles with Coomassie blue staining and 6 x 10(6) viral particles with a more sensitive staining procedure using amido black.

Animals↗