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I V Tetko

Publications and source records attributed to I V Tetko.

29 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Applications of neural networks in structure-activity relationships of a small number of molecules.

We investigated the applications of back propagation artificial neural networks (ANN) for a small dataset analysis in the field of structure-activity relationships. The derivatives of carboquinone were used as an example. It's been found that in this case the use of the same neural network results in unambiguous classification of new molecules. Predictions can be improved with statistical analysis of independent prognosis sets. We suggest that the sign criterion be used as a classification rule. We also compared neural networks with FALS and ALS in leave-one-out prediction. ANN applied to the same dataset has shown the same predictive ability as ALS but poorer than FALS.

Carbazilquinone↗

Non-linear cortico-cortical interactions modulated by cholinergic afferences from the rat basal forebrain.

In the adult rat most of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) express the low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor recceptor (NGFr). The immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) provokes a selective loss of NGFr-positive BFCN, somewhat similar to the loss of integrity of BFCN associated with human senile dementia of Alzheimer's type, whereas NGF exerts a trophic action on BFCN. Cortico-cortical interactions are modulated by cholinergic projections of BFCN and it is proposed that alterations of these projections by SAP and by NGF produce opposite effects. This hypothesis was tested by recording multiple local field potentials (LFPs) in the rat temporal cortex and applying bispectral analysis to measure phase-coupled frequencies, somewhat analogous to frequencies of resonance. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was measured in the septal area in order to assess the effects of the treatments. NGF-treatment increased ChAT activity by 45% and frequencies of non-linear coupling were shifted towards frequencies higher than 70 Hz, thus suggesting the presence of increased functional interactions in the short range. By contrast, SAP provoked a decrease of nearly 40% in ChAT activity and an increase of phase-coupling in the low frequencies (< 50 Hz), being interpreted as a decreased functional cortico-cortical interaction. Bispectral analysis revealed features of the effect of BFCN on cortical activity that could not be observed by other means and offers as a valuable tool of study that could be extended to the EEG of Alzheimer's patients.

Alzheimer Disease↗

Dynamical cell assemblies in the rat auditory cortex in a reaction-time task.

Simultaneous single unit spike trains were recorded in the auditory cortex of freely moving rats performing a complex cognitive task. The experimental paradigm is based on a two-choice task (Go/Nogo) with a two-component (pitch and location) auditory stimulus lasting 500 ms. We report evidence that firstly functional interactions, measured by cross-correlation analysis, between single units in the auditory cortex are dynamically modified in the period preceding the onset of the auditory stimulation, referred to as the 'waiting period'. We secondly observed that spatio-temporal firing patterns both within, and across cell spike trains also tended to appear in the waiting period, several seconds before the actual stimulus delivery. These patterns indicate a very precise repetition of spike discharges separated by long intervals (up to several hundreds of milliseconds). No consistent changes in mean rate were observed. These results suggest that network activity in the auditory cortex is selectively modified in rate independent ways before the actual sensory stimulation. These modifications may reflect participation of recurrent neuronal networks in processes anticipating the expected sensory input.

Action Potentials↗

Estimation of aqueous solubility of chemical compounds using E-state indices.

The molecular weight and electrotopological E-state indices were used to estimate by Artificial Neural Networks aqueous solubility for a diverse set of 1291 organic compounds. The neural network with 33-4-1 neurons provided highly predictive results with r(2) = 0.91 and RMS = 0.62. The used parameters included several combinations of E-state indices with similar properties. The calculated results were similar to those published for these data by Huuskonen (2000). However, in the current study only E-state indices were used without need of additional indices (the molecular connectivity, shape, flexibility and indicator indices) also considered in the previous study. In addition, the present neural network contained three times less hidden neurons. Smaller neural networks and use of one homogeneous set of parameters provides a more robust model for prediction of aqueous solubility of chemical compounds. Limitations of the developed method for prediction of large compounds are discussed. The developed approach is available online at http://www.lnh.unil.ch/~itetko/logp.

Journal Article↗

Internet software for the calculation of the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of chemical compounds.

In this paper we describe an Internet Java-based technology that allows scientists to make their analytical software available worldwide. The implementation of this technology is exemplified by programs for the calculation of the lipophilicity and water solubility of chemical compounds available at http://www.lnh.unil.ch/~itetko/logp. Both these molecular properties are key parameters in quantitative structure-activity relationship studies and are used to provide invaluable information for the overall understanding of the uptake distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of a wide variety of chemicals. The compounds can be analyzed in batch or single-compound mode. The single-compound analysis offers the possibility to compare our results with several popular lipophilicity calculation methods, including CLOGP, KOWWIN, and XLOGP. The chemical compounds are analyzed according to SMILES line notation that can be prepared with the JME molecular editor of Peter Ertl. Conversion to SMILES from 56 formats is also available using the molecular structure information interchange hub developed by Pat Walters and Matt Stahl.

Journal Article↗

Prediction of n-octanol/water partition coefficients from PHYSPROP database using artificial neural networks and E-state indices.

A new method, ALOGPS v 2.0 (http://www.lnh.unil.ch/~itetko/logp/), for the assessment of n-octanol/water partition coefficient, log P, was developed on the basis of neural network ensemble analysis of 12 908 organic compounds available from PHYSPROP database of Syracuse Research Corporation. The atom and bond-type E-state indices as well as the number of hydrogen and non-hydrogen atoms were used to represent the molecular structures. A preliminary selection of indices was performed by multiple linear regression analysis, and 75 input parameters were chosen. Some of the parameters combined several atom-type or bond-type indices with similar physicochemical properties. The neural network ensemble training was performed by efficient partition algorithm developed by the authors. The ensemble contained 50 neural networks, and each neural network had 10 neurons in one hidden layer. The prediction ability of the developed approach was estimated using both leave-one-out (LOO) technique and training/test protocol. In case of interseries predictions, i.e., when molecules in the test and in the training subsets were selected by chance from the same set of compounds, both approaches provided similar results. ALOGPS performance was significantly better than the results obtained by other tested methods. For a subset of 12 777 molecules the LOO results, namely correlation coefficient r(2)= 0.95, root mean squared error, RMSE = 0.39, and an absolute mean error, MAE = 0.29, were calculated. For two cross-series predictions, i.e., when molecules in the training and in the test sets belong to different series of compounds, all analyzed methods performed less efficiently. The decrease in the performance could be explained by a different diversity of molecules in the training and in the test sets. However, even for such difficult cases the ALOGPS method provided better prediction ability than the other tested methods. We have shown that the diversity of the training sets rather than the design of the methods is the main factor determining their prediction ability for new data. A comparative performance of the methods as well as a dependence on the number of non-hydrogen atoms in a molecule is also presented.

Journal Article↗

Neural network studies. 2. Variable selection.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies usually require an estimation of the relevance of a very large set of initial variables. Determination of the most important variables allows theoretically a better generalization by all pattern recognition methods. This study introduces and investigates five pruning algorithms designed to estimate the importance of input variables in feed-forward artificial neural network trained by back propagation algorithm (ANN) applications and to prune nonrelevant ones in a statistically reliable way. The analyzed algorithms performed similar variable estimations for simulated data sets, but differences were detected for real QSAR examples. Improvement of ANN prediction ability was shown after the pruning of redundant input variables. The statistical coefficients computed by ANNs for QSAR examples were better than those of multiple linear regression. Restrictions of the proposed algorithms and the potential use of ANNs are discussed.

Databases, Factual↗

Application of a pruning algorithm to optimize artificial neural networks for pharmaceutical fingerprinting.

The present study investigates an application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for use in pharmaceutical fingerprinting. Several pruning algorithms were applied to decrease the dimension of the input parameter data set. A localized fingerprint region was identified within the original input parameter space from which a subset of input parameters was extracted leading to enhanced ANN performance. The present results confirm that ANNs can provide a fast, accurate, and consistent methodology applicable to pharmaceutical fingerprinting.

Algorithms↗

[Application of neural networks using the volume learning algorithm for the study of structure-activity relationship in chemical compounds].

A volume learning algorithm for artificial neural networks was developed to quantitatively describe the three-dimensional structure-activity relationships using as an example N-benzylpiperidine derivatives. The new algorithm combines two types of neural networks, the Kohonen and the feed-forward artificial neural networks, which are used to analyze the input grid data generated by the comparative molecular field approach. Selection of the most informative parameters using the algorithm helped to reveal the most important spatial properties of the molecules, which affect their biological activities. Cluster regions determined using the new algorithm adequately predicted the activity of molecules from a control data set.

Algorithms↗

[Activation of glutamate ionotropic connections of sensorimotor cortex neurons during conditioning].

Changes in conditioned impulse reactions of neurons in sensorimotor cortex were studied during microiontophoretic application of glutamatergic and GABA ergic agonistic and antagonistic drugs. It was shown that ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA and NMDA) are activated by a conditioned stimulus. Not only large pyramidal neurons of deep cortical layers but surrounding short-axon inhibitory interneurons are involved in the reaction. It was shown that the activity of pyramidal neurons is under a constant inhibitory control from surrounding interneurons. This inhibition is involved in organization of excitatory cortical responses during conditioning.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗