Biomedical subjects

I-Min Tso

Publications and source records attributed to I-Min Tso.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Giant wood spider Nephila pilipes alters silk protein in response to prey variation.

Recent studies have demonstrated that orb-weaving spiders may alter web structures, foraging localities or silk output in response to prey variations. In this study we conducted field surveys and food manipulations to examine whether orb-weaving spiders may also adjust the protein of silk to prey variations. A comparison of dragline silks collected from nine giant wood spider Nephila pilipes populations in Taiwan showed a spatial variation. The percentage of all amino acids (except alanine and glycine) exhibited significant differences among populations. A survey of prey composition also revealed a significant spatial variation among N. pilipes populations. To determine whether prey variation was responsible for silk protein variation, we fed N. pilipes with different types of prey (dipteran vs orthopteran) then compared the percentage of five major dragline amino acids and secondary structures. The results showed that dragline of N. pilipes fed with orthopteran prey contained significantly higher proline and glutamine but lower alanine. Congruent with this result were those from FTIR spectroscopy, which showed that dragline of N. pilipes fed with crickets exhibited significantly higher percentage of proline- and glutamine-containing beta turns, and lower percentage of alanine-containing beta sheet structures. Since the results of feeding manipulations showed that diet significantly affected the compositions of dragline silks, the observed spatial variation seemed to reflect the different types of prey these spiders had consumed. Results of this study thus indicated that orb-weaving spiders can alter dragline protein in response to prey variations.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

Inter-specific sequence conservation and intra-individual sequence variation in a spider silk gene.

Currently, studies on major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) genes of non-orb weaving spiders are few, and it is not clear whether genes of these organisms exhibit the same characteristics as those of orb-weavers. In addition, many studies have proposed that MaSp1 might be a single gene with allelic variants, but supporting evidence is still lacking. In this study, we compared partial DNA and amino acid sequences of MaSp1 cloned from different spider guilds. We also cloned partial MaSp1 sequences from genomic DNA and cDNA of the same individuals of spiders using the same primer combination to see if different molecular forms existed. In the repetitive region of partial MaSp1 sequences obtained, GGX, GA and poly-A motifs were present in all Araneomorphae and Mygalomorpae species examined. An extreme similarity in MaSp1 non-repetitive portions was found in sequences of ecribellate, cribellate and Mygalomorphae web-builders and such a result suggested that this sequence might exhibit an important function. A comparison of sequences amplified from the same individual showed that substitutions in amino acids occurred in both repetitive and non-repetitive regions, with a much higher variation in the former. These results suggest that the MaSp1 of Araneomorphae spiders exhibits several forms in an individual spider and it might be either a multiple gene or a single gene with a multiple exon/intron organization.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Lattice deformation and thermal stability of crystals in spider silk.

The X-ray diffraction of dragline silks, produced by Nephila and Cyrtophora spiders, were measured by synchrotron radiation in their original states or in situ during stretching and heating. Nephila pilipes spiders construct a two-dimensional orb web that must be rebuilt in one or 2 days, but Cyrtophora spiders form a three-dimensional tent web that can exist for several weeks in a tropical forest. Diffraction patterns of N. pilipes and Cyrtophora draglines resemble each other. Crystals of two kinds are identified in these draglines; one is aligned parallel to the silk direction and another is less oriented. The less oriented crystal in Cyrtophora dragline is aligned better than that in N. pilipes dragline, which generates about three times stronger diffract intensity. Crystals in N. pilipes and C. moluccensis dragline silks have remarkable thermal stability. Equatorial reflections remain undiminished until 350 and 450 degrees C for N. pilipes and C. moluccensis, respectively. In contrast, the meridional reflections S and (002), which are parallel to the silk thread, disappear at a temperature less than 100 degrees C for C. moluccensis but remain for Nephila up to 100 degrees C. Meridional reflections S and (002) shift to a smaller angle during stretching, whereas equatorial reflections remain constant in a range 1.0-1.3 times the original length. The position of the S reflection shifts rapidly in the first 10% of elongation from the original length but remains constant during subsequent stretching, whereas the (002) reflection shifts rapidly during the first 5% elongation from the original length and continues to shift subsequently. In contrast, the features of N. pilipes dragline alter insignificantly during stretching. Examination of the composition of amino acids of the draglines of N. pilipes and C. moluccensis indicates that a dragline of N. pilipes contains more glycine, but much less alanine, than that of C. moluccensis.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

Colourful orb-weaving spiders, Nephila pilipes, through a bee's eyes.

Many orb-weaving spiders in the tropics forage in open sites during the day and some of them have both bright and dark colourations. The conspicuous UV-reflective colour markings of these spiders have been reported to be attractive to visually oriented prey and thus could increase the spiders' foraging success. Using a combination of field and laboratory studies, we examine whether or not the body colouration of orb-weaving spiders exhibits optical properties that are attractive to insect prey from the viewpoint of insect visual physiology. We compared the prey interception rates and colour contrasts of the typical and melanic morphs of the giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes. Results of the field study showed that the typical morph caught significantly more insects than the melanic morph. Colour contrasts calculated from spectral reflectances of the background and body surface of spiders showed that the brightly coloured body parts of the typical morph exhibited rather high values, but those of the dark body parts were below the discrimination threshold. The differential colour contrasts of body parts generated a visual signal unlike that of a spider but rather like certain forms of food resources. On the other hand, the melanic morphs did not have bright colouration and the colour contrasts of every part of the body were significantly higher than the threshold, making the contour of spiders quite clear to bees.

Animals↗