Biomedical subjects

Ian M Thornton

Publications and source records attributed to Ian M Thornton.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Representation of change: separate electrophysiological markers of attention, awareness, and implicit processing.

Awareness of change within a visual scene only occurs in the presence of focused attention. When two versions of a complex scene are presented in alternating sequence separated by a blank mask, unattended changes usually remain undetected, although they may be represented implicitly. To test whether awareness of change and focused attention had the same or separable neurophysiological substrates, and to search for the neural substrates of implicit representation of change, we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a change blindness task. Relative to active search, focusing attention in the absence of a change enhanced an ERP component over frontal sites around 100-300 msec after stimulus onset, and in posterior sites at the 150-300 msec window. Focusing attention to the location of a change that subjects were aware of, replicated those attentional effects, but also produced a unique positive deflection in the 350-600 msec window, broadly distributed with its epicenter in mediocentral areas. The unique topography and time course of this latter modulation, together with its dependence on the aware perception of change, distinguishes this "awareness of change" electrophysiological response from the electrophysiological effects of focused attention. Finally, implicit representation of change elicited a distinct electrophysiological event: Unaware changes triggered a positive deflection at the 240-300 msec window, relative to trials with no change. Overall, the present data suggest that attention, awareness of change, and implicit representation of change may be mediated by separate underlying systems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The use of facial motion and facial form during the processing of identity.

Previous research has shown that facial motion can carry information about age, gender, emotion and, at least to some extent, identity. By combining recent computer animation techniques with psychophysical methods, we show that during the computation of identity the human face recognition system integrates both types of information: individual non-rigid facial motion and individual facial form. This has important implications for cognitive and neural models of face perception, which currently emphasize a separation between the processing of invariant aspects (facial form) and changeable aspects (facial motion) of faces.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

A chimeric point-light walker.

Ambiguity has long been used as a probe into visual processing. Here, we describe a new dynamic ambiguous figure-the chimeric point-light walker--which we hope will prove to be a useful tool for exploring biological motion. We begin by describing the construction of the stimulus and discussing the compelling finding that, when presented in a mask, observers consistently fail to notice anything odd about the walker, reporting instead that they are watching an unambiguous figure moving either to the left or right. Some observers report that the initial percept fluctuates, moving first to the left, then to the right, or vice versa; others always perceive a constant direction. All observers, when briefly shown the unmasked ambiguous figure, have no difficulty in perceiving the novel motion pattern once the mask is returned. These two findings--the initial report of unambiguous motion and the subsequent 'primed' perception of the ambiguity--are both consistent with an important role for top-down processing in biological motion. We conclude by suggesting several domains within the realm of biological-motion processing where this simple stimulus may prove to be useful.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Converging evidence for the detection of change without awareness.

In this chapter, we explore the possibility that changes can be registered by the visual system and can influence behavior even in the absence of conscious awareness. We begin by describing the basic phenomenon of change blindness, introduce a framework for discussing some of the key issues relating to change detection as a whole, and then examine the main lines of evidence that point to the existence of implicit change detection.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Active versus passive processing of biological motion.

Johansson's point-light walker figures remain one of the most powerful and convincing examples of the role that motion can play in the perception of form (Johansson, 1973 Perception & Psychophysics 14 201 - 211; 1975 Scientific American 232(6) 76 - 88). In the current work, we use a dual-task paradigm to explore the role of attention in the processing of such stimuli. In two experiments we find striking differences in the degree to which direction-discrimination performance in point-light walker displays appears to rely on attention. Specifically, we find that performance in displays thought to involve top-down processing, either in time (experiment 1) or space (experiment 2) is adversely affected by dividing attention. In contrast, dividing attention has little effect on performance in displays that allow low-level, bottom-up computations to be carried out. We interpret these results using the active/passive motion distinction introduced by Cavanagh (1991 Spatial Vision 5 303-309).

Attention↗

PubMed2002

A matching advantage for dynamic human faces.

In a series of three experiments, we used a sequential matching task to explore the impact of non-rigid facial motion on the perception of human faces. Dynamic prime images, in the form of short video sequences, facilitated matching responses relative to a single static prime image. This advantage was observed whenever the prime and target showed the same face but an identity match was required across expression (experiment 1) or view (experiment 2). No facilitation was observed for identical dynamic prime sequences when the matching dimension was shifted from identity to expression (experiment 3). We suggest that the observed dynamic advantage, the first reported for non-degraded facial images, arises because the matching task places more emphasis on visual working memory than typical face recognition tasks. More specifically, we believe that representational mechanisms optimised for the processing of motion and/or change-over-time are established and maintained in working memory and that such 'dynamic representations' (Freyd, 1987 Psychological Review 94 427-438) capitalise on the increased information content of the dynamic primes to enhance performance.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The onset repulsion effect.

There have been many previous reports of mislocalization associated with moving objects (e.g. flash-lag effect, Frohlich effect, representational momentum). Across four experiments, a new form of mislocalization--the onset repulsion effect (ORE)--is explored in which the error is always back along the observed path of motion. That is, when observers are asked to localize both the initial onset and the final offset positions of a moving object, by far the largest and most systematic error they make is in placing the onset point too early along the correct path of motion. Errors orthogonal to the path of motion and errors in localizing the offset point are minimal by comparison. Errors are also very small when motion is implied rather than continuous. The ORE can be observed with and without fixation, and as with other mislocalization effects, shows some dependence on direction and velocity. As the most obvious prediction in these studies, based on previous reports of mislocalization and the known properties of the visual system, would be for forward rather than backward errors, discussion will focus on the type of mechanism that may have given rise to the observed pattern of results.

Humans↗