Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Iqbal Shergill.
We present a 74-year-old man with a testicular metastasis originating from a transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Initially, radical cystectomy and ileal-conduit urinary diversion were performed. Three years later, he presented with a tumor in the left testicle, proved to harbor transitional cell carcinoma.
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Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are called gonadotropins, because they stimulate the gonads - in males the testes and in females the ovaries. They are not necessary for life, but are essential for reproduction. In addition, the association of these hormones with prostate cancer has been the interest of many researchers. Their detection in the human prostate has been investigated using different methods, including immunologic and RT-PCR techniques. In addition, the increasing evidence of paracrine/autocrine functions of the gonadotropic glycoprotein hormones, their allocation to the superfamily of cystine knot growth factors, and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene expression in non-gonadal tissues led many researchers to investigate intraprostatic glycoprotein hormones and their receptor gene expression. We aim in this review to shed light on the physiology of the gonadotropins and their association with prostate cancer and highlight the future possibilities of their use as targets in treating this disease.
Lower urinary tract dysfunction is one of the challenging problems facing urologists and patients. Several treatment trials have been introduced in the literature, but none has proven to be as effective as being a gold standard treatment for such conditions. We reviewed the literature regarding the use of botulinum toxin (BTx) type A as a current treatment of lower urinary tract conditions described below. The toxin has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of conditions caused by increased muscle tonicity. Indications for the urological use of BTx and future applications are also considered.
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Peyronie's disease (PD) is characterised by penile plaque formation, pain, penile deformity and erectile dysfunction. It is a fibrotic disorder of the tunica albuginea with a poorly understood aetiology and epidemiology. PD may be classified into inflammatory (acute) and chronic stages. Medical treatment is usually instigated during the inflammatory phase of the disease. A review of the literature reveals a wide range of oral, intralesional and alternative therapies that are discussed in relation to established pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. The advantages and disadvantages of each treatment are summarised. This review also discusses the ongoing therapeutic dilemmas of PD and suggests a treatment strategy based on an analysis of the urological literature.
Botulinum toxin A is used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to detrusor sphincter dysynergia and detrusor hyper-reflexia (neurogenic detrusor deficiency). The toxin acts by producing paralysis of muscle tissue and has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of conditions caused by increased muscle tonicity and spasticity. Here the literature is reviewed chronologically, the established and emerging indications for the urological use of botulinum toxin evaluated and future applications are also considered.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.