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Biomedical subjects

J A Idoko

Publications and source records attributed to J A Idoko.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and healthy population in Jos, Nigeria.

This study was undertaken to establish local CD4+LC standards, which could be used as indicators of immune deficiency or monitor progress of HIV therapy, instead of relying on Caucasian standards, which may not exactly reflect Nigerian CD4+LC sub-populations. CD4+LC from 1232 Nigerian adults were studied. They included 852 apparently healthy individuals, 172 HIV-positive persons with no major AIDS defining illnesses (AIDSDIL) and 208 HIV infected individuals with AIDSDIL. The mean CD4+LC of healthy Nigerians (821 +/- 12) was more than two times higher than the mean CD4+LC of HIV-positive individuals without AIDSDIL (369 +/- 14) and almost five times higher than the mean of HIV-positive individuals with AIDSDIL (163 +/- 13) (p < 0.05). In addition, a CD4+LC of < 200 cells/uL can be considered as an AIDS defining laboratory criterion in Nigerians as the 208 individuals with AIDSDIL had a mean CD4+LC of 163 cells/uL. This study therefore establishes a local standard range for CD4+LC in healthy and HIV infected Nigerians which can serve as reliable indices for HIV induced immune impairment and for monitoring effectiveness of HIV therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Carriage rate of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

The carriage rate of Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, the Plateau State capital, was studied to obtain the pattern of Hepatitis-beta virus (HBV) spread within the community. HBsAg screening was performed on a consecutive sample of 524 apparently healthy individuals (293 males and 231 females) aged 15-65 years who voluntarily turned up for the survey. Fifty-four (10.3%) were HBsAg positive by ELISA. The carriage rate in females 30/231 (13.0%) was significantly higher than in the males 24/293 (8.2%) (p<0.05). In relation to age, 14/144 (9.7%) were aged <20 years, 11/121 (9.1%) were 21-30 years, 7/115 (6.1%) were 31-40 years, 14/89 (15.7%) were 41-50 years, 2/27 (7.4%) were 51-60 years and 6/28 (21.4%) were >61 years. In relation to marital status, carriage rate was highest among the divorced/widowed group (12.5%) followed by the married group (10.6%). Carriage rates in relation to occupation showed that infection was highest among traders (13.7%) and students (13.2%). The survey therefore confirms the endemicity of HBV infection in Jos and describes the groups that are at risk. This calls for health education of the general population on preventive measures to check the spread of the virus in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Genetic variability of HIV-1 protease from Nigeria and correlation with protease inhibitors drug resistance.

In Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, the characterization of HIV-1 strains has been limited. In this study we evaluated the genetic diversity of the protease coding region, one of the anti-retroviral therapy target, and investigated the presence of mutations related to resistance to HIV protease inhibitors. We analyzed samples collected during 1996 and all patients were anti-retroviral drug naïves. Ten samples were evaluated by sequencing of the protease gene. The majority, 80%, were classified as subtype A and the two others were unclassified-divergent strains, something in between A and G subtypes. The gag region from these outliners were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis classified them as subtype G. The protease amino acid consensus sequence of the Nigerian subtype A are in complete agreement with the consensus A differing from the USA subtype B consensus in 10 positions (L10V, I13V, K14R, I15V, K20I, M36I, R41K, P63L, H69K and L89M). The secondary substitutions associated with protease inhibitor resistance were observed in all Nigerian sequences at the positions L10V, M36I and L89M. The majority of sequence variation was concentrated in the interval between aminoacids 70-90 where the protease substrate binding region is located.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Clinical pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Jos, Nigeria.

A study of determine the seroprevalence rate and clinical presentation of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in Jos between October 1990 and September 1991. Out of the 180 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 11(6.1%) were confirmed seropositive for HIV-1 and 2. The peak age range for both tuberculosis and HIV infection in both sexes is 20-40 years. The risk of HIV infection was associated with multiple sex partners and blood transfusion. There was no significant difference in the clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis between HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients (P > 0.1). However, diarrhoea, lymphadenopathy and marked weight loss were found to be significantly associated with HIV infection (P < 0.05). The mean lymphocyte count of HIV seropositives was significantly lower than seronegatives (P < 0.01).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Has lack of vitamin C any role in the aetiology of tropical pyomyositis?

The plasma concentration of vitamin C of 14 patients with tropical pyomyositis without clinical evidence of scurvy and that of II age and sex-matched controls was determined in order to ascertain whether or not there was a deficiency of the vitamin in this condition. The results show that the mean plasma concentrations of vitamin C of patients were slightly higher (15.9 +/- 6.4 g/l) than those of controls (12.0 +/- 4.5 g/l). The differences, however, were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.25). It is therefore concluded that lack of vitamin C does not play a part in the aetiology of tropical pyomyositis.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1987

Neutrophil cell function and migration inhibition studies in Nigerian patients with tropical pyomyositis.

We investigated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cell function and migration inhibition factor (MIF) in Nigerian patients with tropical pyomyositis (TP) and in healthy Nigerians as control subjects. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test revealed that the ability of PMN to form formazan in patients was similar to that of the control subjects. This observation was taken to indicate that there may not be any metabolic defect in PMN of these patients. The MIF assay showed that the lymphocytes of the patients were significantly inefficient in responding in vitro to Staphylococcus aureus as compared with controls (S.D. 26 +/- 8 for patients, 53 +/- 10 for controls; P less than 0.01). This observation suggested that lymphocytes, particularly T-cells, of the patients were probably not primed adequately against S. aureus during the course of infection in vivo. The implications of these findings as they relate to tropical pyomyositis are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Tropical pyomyositis: is it an immunodeficiency disease?

Serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) and complement (C3, C4) levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion technique in a group of 16 Nigerian patients with tropical pyomyositis (TP). Sixteen healthy Nigerians, age- and sex-matched with the patients, were also included in the study as control subjects (CS). A significantly low level of circulating IgM (P less than 0.01) and elevation of the serum levels of IgG (P less than 0.01) and IgA (P less than 0.01) were observed in TP compared to CS. Mean serum complement (C3, C4) levels were found to be similar in patients and controls. Microbiological culture tests showed that 14 pus specimens (88%) and 3 blood specimens (19%) from the patients were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. It was therefore proposed that IgM antibody deficiency (primary or acquired) against S. aureus may be the cause of tropical pyomyositis in Nigerians.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebrospinal fluid changes in tetanus: raised proteins and immunoglobulins in patients with severe disease.

34 patients with tetanus were studied; all had normal serum proteins and albumin. Only 3 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained cells (a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes). Protein levels in the CSF were elevated in 26 patients (76.5%); 11 cases with clinically mild tetanus had a mean CSF protein of 400 +/- 250 mg/litre (normal 100-400 mg/litre), while the CSF protein levels of 10 patients who died (mean 1596 +/- 985 mg/litre; P less than 0.005) and those of 4 others with severe disease who absconded were much higher (mean 1220 +/- 562 mg/litre; P less than 0.005). As a group, 19 patients with severe disease including the 10 fatal cases also had significantly higher mean CSF protein values (1582 +/- 938 mg/litre; P less than 0.005) than did the mild cases. Immunochemical analysis of the proteins using a radial immunodiffusion assay showed that these proteins were immunoglobulin G (IgG). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated an oligoclonal gammaglobulin pattern, suggesting intrathecal IgG synthesis in these patients. These studies suggest that measurement of CSF proteins may supplement clinical evaluation in tetanus and that there may be a local immune stimulus (perhaps a tetanus antigen or to some other mitogen) in the central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A multicentre study to determine the efficacy and tolerability of a combination of nelfinavir (VIRACEPT), zalcitabine (HIVID) and zidovudine in the treatment of HIV infected Nigerian patients.

Summary Forty (40) HIV positive patients with CD4 cell counts between 100 - 500 cellh/mm3 were recruited from 8 different centres in Nigeria including a research centre and specialist and teaching hospitaLs They were enrolled into an open, non-comparative study of a triple combination regimen containing the Protease Inhibitor (PI), Nelfinavir and two Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RTIs), Zakitabine (Hivid) and Zidovudine for a period of 24 weeks. Thirty-one (31) patients completed the study. Nine (9) patients withdrew from the study. Two of these because of Adverse Events (AE), 2 others because they developed tuberculosis and had to withdraw because of rifampicin therapy. The remaining five (5), withdrew voluntarily. Efficacy of the PI containing triple regimen was evaluated using viral load and absolute CD4 changes, weight gain and clinical response during the course of the triaL Twenty-two (22) patients had plasma viral loads measured at the beginning and at the end of the trial (24 weeks). Seventeen (17) out of the 22 patients (77%), experienced a significant reduction in their plasma viral loads (p<0.05 There was 1 log reduction in plasma viral load in 6 patients (25%), 2 log in 4 patients (17%). In 2 patients (8%), plasma viral load was reduced below the level of detection. The viral load increased over the treatment period in five patients (21%). Similarly 22 out of the 26 patients (85%) experienced increase in the level of their CD4 lymphocyte counts at the end of the study. The average CD4 counts of all 26 patients rose from 272.94 +/- 137.71/dl to 414 +/- 243.71/ul over 24 weeks (p<0.05). There was monthly rise of 27 CD4 cells/microl. Four (4) patients (15%) had a fall in their CD4 lymphocyte counts. Twenty (20) out of the 26 patients (77%), who completed the study were observed to have weight gains ranging from 1.5 to 31 kilograms over the 24 week study period. In 4 patients, there was no weight gain during the study period. Two patients (5%) were withdrawn due to adverse events from the viracept combination. One of these was because of life threatening diarrhoea while the other patient had severe peripheral neuropathy and severe weakness in the lower limbs. Eight (8) other patients had diarrhoea but not severe enough to stop them from continuing with the triaL Other adverse events seen include anaemia (1 patient), pancytopenia (1 patient), and transient elevation of serum urea and creatinine (1 patient). None of these adverse events was severe enough to warrant withdrawal from therapy. The study has therefore demonstrated the significant efficacy and tolerability of (Nelfinavir/Zalcitabine/ Zidovudine combination in suppressing viral replication, increasing the CD4 cell counts and improving the quality of life in Nigeria patients with HIV.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in north central Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The brunt of the human immunodeficiency virus infection/the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is largely borne by communities in sub-Saharan Africa. We describe renal disease in Nigerians with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. METHODS: Consecutive patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) seen in the infections unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital and a similar group of healthy controls were evaluated for renal disease. Subjects with past history of renal disease, hypovolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or a documented fever were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 79 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and 57 controls studied, renal disease was present in 41 (51.8%) of the patients in the AIDS group and 7 (12.2%) of controls. While 15 (19%) of the AIDS group had azotemia alone and 20 (25.3%) had proteinuria alone, 6 (7.6%) had azotemia and proteinuria. The mean protein excretion/24 hours was significantly higher in the AIDS group compared to controls, (2.99 +/- 54 g and 0.56 +/- 0.12 g respectively, p = 0.001), while the GFR was significantly higher in controls compared to the study group (103.30 +/- 37.78 and 68.03 +/- 37.55 respectively, p = 0.004). Subjects in the AIDS group with renal disease had a significantly longer duration of illness compared to those without (12.33 +/- 8.67 months and 7.28 +/- 7.78 months respectively, p = 0.008). Age and serum CD4+ cell counts were similar in patients with and without renal disease in the AIDS group. CONCLUSION: Renal disease is a common complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the duration of illness being strongly associated with its presence.

AIDS-Associated Nephropathy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zinc status in chronic liver disease; studies in Nigerian patients.

Serum and urinary zinc were assessed in 53 patients with a variety of chronic liver diseases (CLD) and 59 healthy volunteers using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Liver zinc was also assessed in 18 patients and 10 controls. All patients had significantly lower serum zinc (mean = 36.3 +/- 2.9 ug/dl) than controls (79.3 +/- 4.0 ug/dl) and higher urinary excretion (651.0 +/- 53 ug/24 hrs) than controls (316.0 +/- 26 ug/24 hrs). Mean liver zinc was also lower in cirrhotic patients (85.10 +/- 21.31 ug/g) than control values (112.40 +/- 31.72 ug/g) but patients with schistosomiasis had identical values with controls. Decreasing levels were noted from chronic hepatitis through cirrhosis to primary liver cancer and decompensated patients had lower levels than well-compensated disease. No difference was seen between alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhotics. This study indicates that hyperzincuria occurs in association with zinc deficiency in CLD, an abnormality which may be important in the genesis of some features of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Open clinical trial of roxithromycin amongst patients of Jos University Teaching Hospital with lower and upper respiratory tract infections.

An open non-comparative clinical study to determine the efficacy and tolerance of Roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily was carried out amongst Nigerian patients with acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Twenty-four (24) patients (mean age 21.6 years, male 13; females 11 who completed the study presented with acute tonsillitis (33.3%, acute bronchitis (12.5%), lober pneumonia (12.5%), Otitis media (8%), acute pharyngitis (4%) and acute sinusitis (4%). Most of the patients had normal bacterial flora isolated (50.3%). Pathogens isolated included streptococcus pyogenes (21%), moraxella catarhalis (8.3%), streptococcus pneumonia (8.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (4%). The quick clinical response, lack of major adverse drug reactions and susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to Roxithromycin were very significant attributes of the drug. In addition, there was complete recovery in 95.8% of the patients. Roxithromycin is therefore a well tolerated and effective drug for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in Nigerian patients.

Acute Disease↗