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Biomedical subjects

J A Jacobson

Publications and source records attributed to J A Jacobson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Chronic and temporarily activated causal uncertainty beliefs and stereotype usage.

In 3 studies, we examined the hypothesis that the effects of stereotype usage on target judgments are moderated by causal uncertainty beliefs and related accuracy goal structures. In Study 1, we focused on the role of chronically accessible causal uncertainty beliefs as predictors of a target's level of guilt for an alleged academic misconduct offense. In Study 2, we examined the role of chronic causal uncertainty reduction goals and a manipulated accuracy goal; in Study 3, we investigated the role of primed causal uncertainty beliefs on guilt judgments. In all 3 studies, we found that activation of causal uncertainty beliefs and accuracy concerns was related to a reduced usage of stereotypes. Moreover, this reduction was not associated with participants' levels of perceived control, depression, state affect, need for cognition, or personal need for structure. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the model of causal uncertainty and, more generally, in terms of the motivational processes underlying stereotype usage.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

B-cell function in chronic heart failure: antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Several immune system abnormalities have been noted in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) including autoantibody production and abnormalities in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, natural killer cells, helper/inducer lymphocytes, lymphocyte reactivity, and subtherapeutic responses to the influenza vaccination. Patients with CHF have a higher risk of nosocomial infections, mainly pulmonary. Immune function abnormalities in patients with CHF raise concern over the ability of patients with symptomatic CHF to mount an effective and protective B-cell response. METHODS AND RESULTS: B-cell function was assessed by measuring antibody production in response to pneumococcal vaccination. Antibody levels were increased markedly for all serotypes tested (P <or= .001), and all patients had an increase in the number of serotypes for which they had protective antibody levels from a mean of 7.9 to 10.5 of 12 serotypes tested (P <or= .001). These responses are consistent with normal responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence of multiple immune system abnormalities, patients with CHF seem to have an intact B-cell function and the etiology of CHF does not affect antibody response. The normal response to vaccination confirms the potential utility of the vaccination.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping triceps syndrome: diagnosis with dynamic sonography--report of three cases.

Initial experience with the use of dynamic sonography of the elbow for diagnosing ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping triceps syndrome is reported. Cases of three consecutive patients who underwent sonographic evaluation of the elbow and subsequent open elbow surgery for symptomatic ulnar nerve dislocation were reviewed. Dynamic sonography of the elbow was used to aid in the accurate diagnosis of and differentiation between ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping of the medial triceps muscle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sonographic appearance of the peroneus quartus muscle: correlation with mr imaging appearance in seven patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the sonographic appearance of the peroneus quartus muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients who underwent both sonography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the lateral ankle were retrospectively identified during 42 months. Seven of these patients demonstrated a peroneus quartus muscle, with MR imaging as the standard of reference. The peroneus quartus muscle was characterized at retrospective review of sonographic images with regard to origin, insertion, echogenicity, and location. RESULTS: Of the seven peroneus quartus muscles, six originated from the peroneus brevis muscle, and all seven inserted onto the calcaneus. The muscle portion of the peroneus quartus muscle was hypoechoic, while the tendon portion was hyperechoic and fibrillar. The location of the peroneus quartus musculotendinous junction was variable. Hence, the appearance of the peroneus quartus muscle in the region of the distal fibula ranged from 100% muscle to 100% tendon. CONCLUSION: Variability in the appearance of the peroneus quartus muscle is common with sonography due to variation in the location of the musculotendinous junction. Recognition of these variations will allow correct diagnosis of a peroneus quartus muscle, and more important, it will allow differentiation from adjacent tendon abnormality.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Full- versus partial-thickness Achilles tendon tears: sonographic accuracy and characterization in 26 cases with surgical correlation.

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of the use of sonography for differentiation of full- from partial-thickness tears or tendinosis of the Achilles tendon by using surgical findings as the standard of reference and to identify sonographic characteristics of full-thickness tears that can be used to differentiate the two types of tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In part A of this study, sonographic findings (based on reports) in 26 consecutive cases of tears of the Achilles tendon were compared with surgical findings. In part B, the sonograms were blindly and retrospectively evaluated with respect to six sonographic characteristics possibly related to pathologic findings in the tendon, and the characteristics were correlated with surgical findings. RESULTS: In part A, statistical data regarding the use of sonographic findings to distinguish full- from partial-thickness tears were as follows: sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 83%; accuracy, 92%; positive predictive value, 88%; and negative predictive value, 100%. In part B, tendon thickness (P <.001), posterior acoustic shadowing (P =.007), and tendon retraction (P <.001) were correlated with full-thickness tears. Visualization of fat herniation (P =.051) and of the plantaris tendon (P =.098) demonstrated marginal correlation with full-thickness tears. Echogenicity at the site of the pathologic finding in the tendon showed no significant correlation. CONCLUSION: Sonography can be used to differentiate full- from partial-thickness tears or tendinosis of the Achilles tendon with 92% accuracy. Undetectable tendon at the site of injury, tendon retraction, and posterior acoustic shadowing demonstrate statistically significant correlation with full-thickness tears.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2001

Sonographic detection of Baker's cysts: comparison with MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the ability of sonography to reveal Baker's cysts using MR imaging as a gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 36 consecutive knees in 36 patients evaluated with both MR imaging and sonography. Inclusion criteria included axial proton density-weighted or T2-weighted MR images, a sonography report that documented the evaluation of the popliteal region of the knee, and sonographic and MR images that were available for review. The MR images were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of Baker's cyst (fluid signal between the semimembranosus and medial gastrocnemius tendons). Sonography reports were compared with the MR imaging results. The sonographic images were also retrospectively reviewed to determine whether any characteristic findings on sonography were significantly associated with the presence of Baker's cyst on MR imaging. RESULTS: Retrospective review of MR images revealed 21 Baker's cysts, one myxoid liposarcoma, one meniscal cyst, and 13 examinations with normal findings. The sonography reports revealed that the 21 Baker's cysts were correctly diagnosed, whereas the meniscal cyst and myxoid liposarcoma were misdiagnosed as Baker's cysts. Retrospective review of sonographic images showed a 100% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy in the diagnosis of Baker's cyst when hypoechoic or anechoic fluid was present between the semimembranosus and medial gastrocnemius tendons. No other sonographic characteristics were significant. CONCLUSION: Identification of fluid between the semimembranosus and medial gastrocnemius tendons in communication with a posterior knee cyst indicates Baker's cyst with 100% accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Focal radial styloid abnormality as a manifestation of de Quervain tenosynovitis.

OBJECTIVE: de Quervain disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal wrist compartment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether focal radial styloid abnormality (cortical erosion, sclerosis, or periosteal bone apposition) as shown by radiography can be an indicator of de Quervain tenosynovitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 49 radiographs from 45 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis of de Quervain tenosynovitis was confirmed (positive findings on Finkelstein's test) and 64 radiographs from 62 asymptomatic patients was carried out independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists in a blinded fashion. Findings on radiographs were assessed for focal radial styloid abnormality and assigned a diagnostic grade (1, definitely normal; 2, probably normal; 3, equivocal; 4, probably abnormal; 5, definitely abnormal). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed and compared. Kappa statistics for interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated. RESULTS: The presence of focal radial styloid abnormality correlated significantly with the presence of de Quervain tenosynovitis (p < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for each reviewer equaled 0.71 and 0.76. Kappa values for interobserver variability equaled 0.44 (moderate agreement), and intraobserver variability equaled 0.62 (substantial agreement). CONCLUSION: Focal radial styloid abnormality is an indicator of de Quervain stenosing tenosynovitis of the wrist.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intraarticular osteoid osteoma: sonographic findings in three patients with radiographic, CT, and MR imaging correlation.

OBJECTIVE: Intraarticular osteoid osteoma often has subtle radiographic findings and nonspecific clinical features; further diagnostic workup of unexplained joint pain may involve musculoskeletal sonography. We describe the sonographic features of intraarticular osteoid osteoma in three consecutive patients with radiographic, CT, and MR imaging correlation. CONCLUSION: The sonographic findings of painful cortical irregularity and focal synovitis should raise the possibility of intraarticular osteoid osteoma, prompting the search for characteristic findings on correlative imaging studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sonography of diabetic muscle infarction with MR imaging, CT, and pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the sonographic findings of muscle infarction in patients with diabetes with MR imaging, CT, and pathologic correlation. CONCLUSION: Sonographic findings of diabetic muscle infarction include internal linear echogenic structures coursing through the lesion; an absence of internal motion or swirling of fluid with transducer pressure; and a lack of a predominately anechoic area. We believe that these sonographic characteristics may help differentiate diabetic muscle infarction from abscess or necrotic tumor. Additional study involving direct sonographic comparison of these entities is needed to establish the role of sonography in diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sonography of the glenoid labrum: a cadaveric study with arthroscopic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the usefulness of sonography in evaluating the glenoid labrum in cadaveric specimens using arthroscopy as a standard of reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty labral quadrants in 20 cadaveric shoulders were examined by two musculoskeletal radiologists using 5- to 7-MHz linear and curvilinear transducers. Agreement was reached by consensus. After sonography, arthroscopy was performed by an experienced orthopedic surgeon. Each labral quadrant was classified at the time of sonography and arthroscopy as normal, degenerated, or torn. RESULTS: Concordance between sonography and arthroscopy was 86% (69/80 quadrants). In differentiating abnormal labrum (tear or degeneration) from normal labrum using sonography, sensitivity was 63%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was 94%, negative predictive value was 86%, and accuracy was 88%. In differentiating labral tears from other labral conditions (degeneration or normality), sensitivity was 67%, specificity was 99%, positive predictive value was 67%, negative predictive value was 99%, and accuracy was 98%. CONCLUSION: Sonography has a promising role in the evaluation of the glenoid labrum, particularly in excluding labral tears when the labra appear normal on sonography. Further studies are required using normal and symptomatic patients to determine the usefulness of sonography in the diagnosis of labral abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Sonography of Morton's neuromas.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of Morton's neuromas and the usefulness of sonography in detecting them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty intermetatarsal spaces were evaluated with sonography to diagnose Morton's neuromas. The prospective sonographic reports were correlated with surgical and pathologic findings. Each sonogram was then blindly and retrospectively reviewed to characterize mass echotexture, location, size, and continuity with the plantar digital nerve when present. RESULTS: Surgery revealed 27 Morton's neuromas, one synovial cyst with infarcted tissue, one ganglion cyst, and one giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. The prospective sonographic reports correctly identified neuromas in 85% of the cases. Retrospectively, 79.2% (19/24) of the neuromas were characterized as hypoechoic compared with muscle, whereas 12.5% (3/24) were of mixed echotexture and 8.3% (2/24) were anechoic. One half (50%) of the neuromas were located dorsal to the plantar aspect of the metatarsal heads, and 50% were both dorsal and plantar to this level. No statistical difference in height and width was found between neuromas and nonneuromas; however, nonneuromas were statistically greater in length than neuromas. All 15 masses in which presumed plantar digital nerve continuity with the mass was identified were neuromas. CONCLUSION: Sonography can reveal a Morton's neuroma in 85% of cases. Identification of the presumed plantar digital nerve in continuity with the mass improves diagnostic confidence. The finding of an interdigital mass greater than 20 mm in length should raise suspicion of an abnormality other than a neuroma.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the MR imaging findings that differentiate intact anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness tear, using arthroscopy as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen consecutive MR imaging examinations were retrospectively and independently evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists for primary signs (graft signal, orientation, fiber continuity, complete discontinuity, and thickness) and secondary signs (anterior tibial translation, uncovered posterior horn lateral meniscus, posterior cruciate ligament hyperbuckling, and abnormal posterior cruciate ligament line) of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft tear in 15 patients with follow-up arthroscopy. Results were compared with arthroscopy, and both receiver operating characteristic curves and kappa values for interobserver variability were calculated. RESULTS: Arthroscopy revealed four full-thickness graft tears, seven partial-thickness tears, and five intact grafts. Of the primary signs, graft fiber continuity in the coronal plane and 100% graft thickness in the sagittal or coronal plane were most valuable in excluding full-thickness tear. Complete discontinuous graft in the coronal plane also was valuable in diagnosis of full-thickness tear. Of the secondary signs, anterior tibial translation and uncovered posterior horn lateral meniscus assisted in differentiating graft tear (partial or full thickness) from intact graft. The other primary and secondary signs were less valuable. Kappa values were highest for graft fiber continuity and graft discontinuity in the coronal plane. CONCLUSION: Full-thickness anterior cruciate ligament graft tear can be differentiated from partial-thickness tear or intact graft by evaluating for graft fiber continuity (coronal plane), complete graft discontinuity (coronal plane), and graft thickness (coronal or sagittal plane).

Adolescent↗