Biomedical subjects

J A Krajewski

Publications and source records attributed to J A Krajewski.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1994

[Principles of assessing health and environmental risk in view of directives issued by the EEC].

The Directive 93/67/EEC on the principles for assessment of health and environmental risks associated with the traffic of newly introduced chemicals was discussed. The Directive applies to so called new chemicals which require notification in countries of the European Community. Risk assessment is essential for risk management which comprises control, prevention and reduction of harmful effects of chemicals on the human health and environment. In Poland an act on chemicals is being drafted which will, among others, include the provisions on health and environmental risk assessment. The principles presented for risk assessment and methods for identifying the hazard, assessing the magnitude of exposure as well as the characterisation of risk and development of criteria for drawing final conclusions can be, in opinion of the authors, adapted to the Polish legal regulations. It is suggested to built up a subject matter background and to publish guidelines on the magnitude of admissible risk acceptable to populations exposed, manufacturers and importers as well as to the state administration. An admissible risk should be specified for all health and environmental effects and for groups of exposed population stratified according to age and health state.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed1994

[Assessment and monitoring of chemical substances "existing" over the territory of the European Union].

The author discuss legal regulations on supplementing information about physical, chemical, toxic and onco-toxic properties of the so called "existing" chemicals, adapted by the European Economic Community. The Chemical Substances Act is being now drafted in Poland. This will be related with the introduction of the category of "existing" chemicals. The performance adapted by the EEC may serve as an example how to solve this problem in our country. It is suggested that a list of chemicals produced in Poland and imported from other countries be developed. This list will serve as a basis for establishing of the national priority list of chemicals which should be taken into consideration in setting up plans for supplementing indispensable information about chemicals present in Poland. It seems that adaptation of a criterion for identifying priorities (magnitude of production and import) similar to that of the EEC is not only justified from the substantial point of view but it is also of a very practical value. Establishment of cooperation with a relevant EEC Commission is considered as the best way to obtain information about chemicals used in Poland.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1992

[Principles of developing the register of chemical substances in Poland].

The author present the principles for establishing the register of chemical substances in Poland. After considering different world's registers of chemical compound it was observed that the rules of creating this sort of register in the USA are most suitable for the Polish demands. It was suggested that the criterion of classifying a given substance to the register should be the chemical's content 100 kg. For the substances known as cancerogenic this threshold level is going to be 5 kg. Moreover, the principles and a schedule for preparing such a register are specified. One of the most important conditions that must be fulfilled in order to establish the register is applying the relevant legal regulations.

Drug Information Services↗

PubMed1991

[Chemical safety (IV)--legal basis for control].

This work reviews the legal regulations constituting the basis for control of chemical substances present in the working and natural environment as well as in food and utility products in Poland. It has been found that there are many regulations which comply with legislative needs. However, a lack of general regulation on the protection of human health and the environment against the noxious effects of chemicals is widely acknowledged. The unsatisfactory condition of human health and environment in Poland may be attributed to the fact that the existing standards are often disregarded. The authors are of the opinion that implementation of an organizational and legal system of chemical safety would be an important step towards improving the existing situation.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1990

Project on chemical safety in Poland.

This work focuses on main aspects of a proposed system of chemical safety in Poland. General principles have been formulated, including theoretical guidelines, definitions and functions. Additionally, organizational and legislative structures have been proposed. A basic principal of the system says that each activity related to the application of chemical compounds creates a risk of adverse health and environmental effects. According to the definition adopted, chemical safety means such levels of chemical compounds in the environment, coming from various sources, which ensure that the risk of adverse health effects and other negative effects will not surpass socially acceptable levels. The chemical safety system is aimed at preventing and limiting the risk of undesirable health and environmental effects from chemical compounds. It is proposed that the system be coordinated by the National Coordinating Committee on Chemical Safety. The most urgent task of the Committee would be to draft a law on human health protection against the harmful effects of chemical compounds.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1990

[Chemical safety (III)--its prospects in Poland].

The paper discusses principles of the chemical safety system to be introduced in Poland. It is thought that the system should be based on a doctrine comprising theoretical considerations, definitions of concepts and scope of activity. Moreover, the organizational and legal background of the future system was also considered. According to the main principle of the chemical safety system, any activity, involving the use of chemicals gives rise to a risk of adverse health and environmental effects. The numerical value that can be assigned to such risk ranges between 0 and 1. Thus an essential activity related to chemical safety seems to be the determination of a socially acceptable risk. Chemical safety has been defined as an environmental state where the chemical substances of different origin pose either no risk of adverse health and environmental effects or the risk whose level is socially acceptable. The chemical safety system aims at limiting or preventing the risk arising from the use of chemicals. It is suggested that the activities of the future system should be supervised by the National Coordinating Committee for Chemical Safety which would stimulate both the research work on risk assessment and management as well as other activities pertaining to chemical safety.

Chemical Industry↗

PubMed1988

[Chemical safety (1): The origin of the problem].

The genesis of the vast problem--of cognitive and applicatory nature--referred to as chemical safety, has been presented. Chemical safety studies involve all possible sources of man's exposure to chemical compounds, which is aimed at an effective control of adverse health effects. The authors have set up a definition according to which chemical safety occurs where exposure to chemical compounds coming from various sources causes a specific health risk not higher than the socially accepted level. The contribution of Poland to the International Program of Chemical Safety (IPCS) should promote the exchange of experiences and access to scientific and technological information.

Chemical Industry↗

PubMed1988

[Chemical safety (II)--Methodologic and practical problems].

Main components of the problem of chemical safety, their role and aims as well as their mutual relations are presented. Need to create a register of chemical compounds and necessity to set up an information centre which would help functioning the whole system are justified. Risk assessment is believed to be the main aspect of cognitive activities aimed at determining the probability of occurrence of harmful consequences of exposure. Risk assessment is a set of complex legal, organizational and administrative undertakings supposed to reduce the hazards resulting from exposure to chemicals. Necessity to calculate costs and benefits coming from the undertaking and need to analyse social perception of risk which is important for preventive action are justified. What is stressed is the significance of a widespread education aimed at forming attitudes towards chemical hazards.

Drug Information Services↗

PubMed1987

Identification of priorities for chemical hazard control.

The paper presents the components of the problem of chemical safety as well as the criteria for setting priorities for chemical hazard control. Chemical safety comprises risk identification, estimation, evaluation, and management. The first three issues constitute an integral part known as risk assessment. Their implementation allows to determine the nature, magnitude and distribution of diseases resulting from exposure to chemicals as well as to compare the risk assessed with other socially accepted risks. Risk management can be considered in terms of risk control and decision-making. Risk control refers to the surveillance of the compliance with rules regarding environmental protection, occupational hygiene, nutritional hygiene, and other regulations confining man's exposure to toxic compounds in production, use, waste disposal, and contingency planning. Within the decision-making process, costs and benefits are calculated, as related to the production, possible changes in technology, and protective measures. At that stage, evaluation of existing regulatory controls is essential, as is the decision-making in relation to new or supplementary legal acts. Priority setting is essential for chemical safety. This activity is aimed at rational allocation of financial means for national policy designed to meet social requirements within health care. What is of vital importance is the determination of priority setting criteria. The primary criteria include: biological effects of the chemical concerned, environmental impact, production volume, distribution, and the population exposed. Of value are also some sociological factors such as identification and social acceptance of risk. The paper presents the principles of priority setting.

Chemical Industry↗