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Biomedical subjects

J A Pennington

Publications and source records attributed to J A Pennington.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Nutrition labeling of raw fruit, vegetables, and fish.

In response to certain requirements of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (the 1990 amendments), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a voluntary nutrition labeling program for the 20 most frequently consumed raw fruit, vegetables, and fish in the United States. FDA used data on retail sales and food consumption to identify which foods to include in the program and developed guidelines for retailers to use in setting up the labeling program in their stores. FDA provided interim nutrition labeling data for retail use. These data are to be revised and updated at least every 2 years. A representative sample of 2,000 grocery stores will be used to assess compliance of retailers with the nutrition labeling guidelines. Substantial compliance with the guidelines is defined as compliance by 60% of the 2,000 stores.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A network model for improving access to food and nutrition data.

In this article we propose a network in which existing food composition and consumption databases are linked through a master database of complete and detailed food descriptions. The proposal arises from an analysis of the importance of food data, their descriptive and analytical nature, and their uses. Lack of detail and standardization in food description hinders the retrieval of food and nutrition data from various databases and the integration of such data. Standardized food descriptions can be developed and maintained in the master database, which can then serve as the interface to the many existing databases of analytical data (especially food composition data) and to databases containing data on food production, consumption, and effects, thereby linking these databases in a coordinated system, or network. The ability to link food-related databases by standardized food descriptions offers a powerful tool for scientists and practitioners in the field of food and nutrition.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1991

Total diet study nutritional elements, 1982-1989.

Daily intakes of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, and manganese for eight age-sex groups are presented for 1982 to 1989. Compared with the intakes recommended by the National Academy of Sciences, sodium intakes (which did not include discretionary salt) exceeded the estimated minimum requirement; intakes of potassium, phosphorus, selenium, and iodine were adequate for all groups; and copper intakes were low (less than 80% of the suggested intake) for all groups. In addition, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese were low in the diets of teenage girls; calcium, magnesium, and iron were low in the diets of adult women; calcium, magnesium, and zinc were low in the diets of older women; calcium and zinc were low in the diets of 2-year-olds; and magnesium was low in the diets of teenage boys and older men. The primary food group source for each element was dairy products for potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iodine; grain products for sodium, iron, and manganese; and animal flesh for zinc, selenium, and copper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A review of iodine toxicity reports.

This article summarizes case reports, population studies, and experimental studies from the literature concerning adverse effects of exposure to iodine from the mid-1880s to 1988. Exposure to excessive iodine through foods, dietary supplements, topical medications, and/or iodinated contrast media has resulted in thyroiditis, goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, sensitivity reactions, or acute responses for some individuals. Reports of maternal iodine exposure during pregnancy or lactation affecting newborn or nursing infants are cited. Susceptibility to excess iodine is discussed as well as the relationship between dose and response. It is concluded that some individuals can tolerate very high levels of iodine with no apparent side effects and that iodine intakes less than or equal to 1.000 mg/day are probably safe for the majority of the population, but may cause adverse effects in some individuals. Determination of maximum tolerable levels of iodine intake will require human experimental studies at levels between 0.150 and 1.000 mg/day for normal subjects, subjects with autonomous thyroid tissue, and iodine-sensitive subjects.

Diet Surveys↗
PubMed1990

Daily intakes of nine nutritional elements: analyzed vs. calculated values.

The daily intakes for eight age-sex groups (infants, young children, and male and female teenagers, adults, and older adults) of nine nutritional elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) were obtained by laboratory analysis of the Food and Drug Administration's 234 Total Diet Study (TDS) foods and by use of the USDA Nutrient Data Base for Standard Reference. Food substitutions were required for eight TDS foods that had no direct counterparts in the USDA database. When corrections were made for missing values for magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese in the USDA database, average percent differences between the two methods (USDA-TDS) for the age-sex groups were -2.6 for iron, 0.6 for manganese, 0.9 for zinc, 5 for potassium and phosphorus, 7 for magnesium, 8 for sodium and calcium, and 11.0 for copper. Data in the USDA database (when corrected for missing values) provided estimates of daily intakes of nine nutritional elements that were similar to those obtained by use of data from laboratory analysis in the TDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional elements in U.S. diets: results from the Total Diet Study, 1982 to 1986.

Through the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study, the levels of 11 nutritional elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine) in the diets of eight age-sex groups were determined for the 4 years between 1982 and 1986. The 234 Total Diet Study foods, which are representative of the U.S. food supply, were purchased, prepared for consumption, and analyzed for the elements four times each year. The results were combined with national food consumption data to estimate intakes for 6- to 11-month-old infants, 2-year-old children, 14- to 16-year-old boys and girls, 25- to 30-year-old men and women, and 60- to 65-year-old men and women. Six elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) were low (less than 80% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance or below the low end of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range) for three or more of the age-sex groups. Six elements were of concern for teenage girls and adult women, five for older women, three for 2-year-old children, two for teenage boys and older men, and only one for infants and adult men. Sodium levels (which did not include discretionary salt) were elevated for 2-year-old children and teenage boys, and iodine was elevated for all age-sex groups. A significant trend was noted only for iodine, the intake of which decreased during the 4-year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

FDA's Factored Food Vocabulary for food product description.

The Food and Drug Administration's Factored Food Vocabulary (FFV) uses standardized language to describe characteristics of food products that are important for food safety and nutritional quality. Each food product is described by a set of descriptors from the following factors: product type; food source; part of plant or animal; physical state, shape, or form; degree of preparation; cooking method; treatment applied; preservation method; packing medium; container or wrapping; food contact surface; and user group. The purpose of the vocabulary is to facilitate retrieval of food composition, food consumption, food contamination, and other food-related data relative to these factors. The major advantages of this system are flexibility with specificity, enhanced searchability with economy, and ease of change and updating.

Classification↗
PubMed1987

Mineral content of market samples of fluid whole milk.

Results from the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study on the nutrient element content of fluid whole cow's milk are presented and compared with previously published values. Whole milk was collected and analyzed yearly from 1975 through 1985. Yearly and overall means were similar for all elements except iron and iodine. The iron content of milk was generally low, but several samples had high levels. The distribution of iodine in whole milk was quite wide (0.002 to 0.094 mg/100 gm). The iodine content of milk is affected by the level of iodine added to cattle feed and by the use of iodophor sanitizing solutions used by the dairy industry. Overall mean levels of the elements in milligrams per 100 gm whole milk were: sodium, 42; potassium, 134; calcium, 106; phosphorus, 83; magnesium, 9.8; iron, 0.07; zinc, 0.37; copper, 0.009; manganese, 0.004; iodine, 0.034; and selenium, 0.001. Coefficients of variation were high (67% to 117%) for iron, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine but ranged from 18% to 26% for the other elements. An 8-fl oz serving of whole milk is an excellent source of iodine, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. It also provides some sodium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium but is not a reliable source of iron, copper, or manganese.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium in total diets.

The 234 foods from a 1984 collection of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study were analyzed for the trace elements molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium by plasma emission spectrometry. Daily intakes of these elements were then estimated for eight age-sex groups on the basis of results from national food consumption surveys. The contribution of food commodity groups to the daily intake of the five elements and the distribution of the elements in the 234 foods were also determined. Results from this study were compared with those reported earlier from other laboratories.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Influence of feeding time and diet on time of parturition in multiparous ewes.

Three hundred three pregnant ewes were randomly allotted to treatments in a 2 (diet) X 2 (feeding time) factorial arrangement 10 d before the first lambs were due in two lambing seasons to study the effect of time of feeding and diet on time of lambing. Behavioral activities were observed to determine if there was a relationship to time of parturition. All ewes were fed .5 kg ground whole corn per day plus either: alfalfa hay fed at 2200 each day, alfalfa hay fed at 1000 each day, alfalfa haylage fed at 2200 each day or alfalfa haylage fed at 1000 each day. Lambing data from 1983 and 1984 were combined across years because no treatment X year interactions (P greater than .05) were detected. Average time of day for lambing did not differ (P greater than .05) among treatments. In general, no differences due to treatments were observed in lambing time or behavioral activities studied. When data were pooled across treatments, two peak lambing times were observed. These peak times for lambing were from 0300 to 0700 (22.1%) and from 1500 to 1900 (22.5%). During these two 4-h periods (8 h total) 44.6% of the ewes gave birth.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1986

Relationships of sexual activities in estrous cows to different frequencies of observation and pedometer measurements.

Sexual activities were observed continuously for 120 h in Holstein dairy cows during moderate climate. Pedometer measurements of motor activity were correlated with total activities initiated, total activities received, mounts received, and time in estrus. Twelve of 14 individual sexual activities also were correlated on a within-cow basis with pedometer-measured increases in motor activity; disoriented mounts and licking front were not correlated to pedometer increases. Although observations of four 1-h and four or six 30-min observations accounted for greater variation, pedometer increases in activity accounted for as much variation in total sexual activities as periodic observations of 30 min or 1 h for 1 to 3 X /d. Combining periodic observations with pedometer measurements resulted in greater coefficients of determination for analyses of sexual activities than with each individual factor. Sexual activities and pedometer increases also were correlated positively with body condition score and day postpartum, and they were correlated negatively with milk production and body weight change since calving. Although mounting and total sexual activities were shifted significantly from expected on a quartile basis, shifts were probably not of practical significance and provided little evidence for more frequent occurrence of estrous activity during nocturnal periods. Rather, the most marked decrease in mounting and total sexual activities occurred at milking and feeding times, indicating that dairy farmers should be more concerned with disruptions of activities by management practices rather than nocturnal occurrence of estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mineral content of foods and total diets: the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, 1982 to 1984.

The 234 foods of the FDA's Total Diet Study were collected four times per year form mid-1982 to mid-1984 and analyzed for 11 essential minerals. Daily intakes of the minerals were estimated for eight age-sex groups of the U.S. population. Levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were low (less than 80% of the RDA or below the low end of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range) for some or all age-sex groups. Those most at risk of low intakes were young children, teenage girls, adult women, and older women. Non-discretionary sodium intake exceeded the upper Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range for two age-sex groups, and iodine was considerably above the RDA for all age-sex groups. Levels of potassium, phosphorus, and selenium were adequate for all groups.

Diet Surveys↗
PubMed1985

Prolactin in bovine milk near the time of calving and its relationship to premature induction of lactogenesis.

Twenty-three primiparous heifers and pluriparous cows were milked once daily beginning 3 to 10 days before parturition. Retrospectively, they were divided into groups representing either successful or unsuccessful premature induction of lactogenesis, depending on milk production prior to calving. Successfully induced animals had prepartum milk yields greater than 4 kg/milking and unsuccessful animals yielded less. Ten of 23 animals satisfied the criterion for successful premature induction at 2.6 +/- .4 days before calving and 3.6 +/- .8 days after first milking and had peak prepartum yields of 7.9 +/- .7 kg/milking. Total number of prepartum days milked did not differ between successful and unsuccessful groups. Greater milk yield prepartum was significantly associated with higher milk prolactin concentration on days -6 to -4. Heifers had less milk yield than cows but did not differ in milk prolactin concentration or in total prolactin per milking. Premature induction of lactogenesis did not confer significant lactational benefits for more than 1 day postpartum or over the first 35 days postpartum. Premature induction of lactogenesis as a result of prepartum milking did not, as hypothesized, decrease the ability of mammary secretions to accumulate prolactin in large amounts. All groups rapidly lost this ability after parturition, suggesting that the hormonal environment of late pregnancy may promote the transfer of prolactin from blood into milk when there is regular removal of prepartum milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone on day 21 and day 24 postbreeding: field study in dairy cattle.

Milk samples collected at 21 and 24 d after breeding were used to diagnose cows as pregnant, questionable, or not pregnant with high, intermediate, or low progesterone in the milk. Total agreement of pregnancy diagnosis in cows by milk progesterone at 21 d postbreeding and diagnosis by return to estrus or palpation of reproductive organs was 85.8% (77.4% on pregnant progesterone diagnosis and 97.2% on not pregnant progesterone diagnosis). Total agreement of diagnosis by progesterone at 24 d postbreeding and diagnosis by estrus or palpation was 88.4% (83.5% on pregnant progesterone diagnosis and 95.3% on not pregnant progesterone diagnosis). Although total accuracy of cows diagnosed both pregnant and not pregnant by milk progesterone on d 24 postbreeding was greater than diagnosis on d 21 postbreeding when cows in estrus by d 24 were deleted from the data, other comparisons for effect of day on accuracy of diagnosis were not different. Total accuracy of diagnosis on d 24 was not increased by using milk progesterone on both d 21 and 24. Samples collected on the day of breeding indicated that 18 of 960 (1.9%) had intermediate or high progesterone. Fourteen (1.5%) additional cows had progesterone above levels expected for a cow in estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Sexual activity of Holstein cows: seasonal effects.

Continuous observations of Holstein dairy cows during natural and prostaglandin-induced estrus were conducted to determine effects of cold and hot weather on the degree and pattern of sexual activities, circadian profile of activities, and location of activities. Mounts with pelvic thrusts and mounts plus 12 other estrous-related activities for 73 cows were monitored for 96 h in cold weather and 120 h in hot weather. Eleven cows in hot weather with more than one mount were in estrus longer with less intensity of mounting than 16 cows in cold weather; climate did not affect mounts received or total activities initiated per cow. Number of cows in standing estrus affected mounts received per cow, total activities received per cow, and time in estrus but not activities initiated per animal. Two estrual cows in cold weather and 6 cows in hot weather received less than 2 mounts. Cows in cold weather had more (28%) total estrous activity as mounting activity than cows in hot weather (14%); cows in hot weather interacted more by rubbing and licking than cows in cold weather. Cows in cold weather had more mounting activity from 0600 to 1759 h (73%) than from 1800 to 0559 h (27%) and had more mounts from 1200 to 1759 h than cows in hot weather. During both cold and hot weather, sexual activities decreased at milking time. In the freestall housing with drylot, 80% of the mounting activity in both climates occurred in an outdoor drylot and feed manger area, which had best footing. These data indicate that climate affected mounting and total sexual activity of lactating dairy cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Prenancy diagnosis in dairy cattle by progesterone concentration in milk.

Concentration of progesterone in whole milk was used to diagnose pregnancy in lactating dairy cows. Milk samples were taken 21 to 22 days postbreeding and analyzed for progesterone by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone in milk greater than 11 ng/ml, 8 to 11 ng/ml, and less than 8 ng/ml was used classify animals as pregnant, questionable, and not pregnant. In this classification for 123 cows, 67 were classified pregnant, 7 questionable, and 49 not pregnant. A comparison of progesterone diagnosis with actual calving results showed agreement of 73 and 98% for the cows classified as pregnant and not pregnant. Thirteen of 19 animals, in which there were discrepancies between diagnoses by milk progesterone and calving results, were not detected in estrus within 30 days after breeding. One animal classified not pregnant by milk progesterone was pregnant.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of intraruminal and intra-abomasal additions of cod-liver oil on milk fat production in the cow.

Four Holstein cows were used in a modified switchback design to show the effect on milk-fat synthesis of (1) control diet, (2) 29.23, 3.92, 6.48, 30.65, 3.44 control diet plus 255 g/day of cod-liver oil in rumen, and (3) control diet plus 225 g/day of cod-liver oil in abomasum. Mean milk yield (kg/day), fat production (kg/day), and milk-fat percentage were (1) 21.87, .79, 3.63; (2) 22.99, .70, 3.05; and (3) 23.02, .75, 3.28. Compared to the post-treatment control period, only one cow decreased in milk-fat percentage on 3 while all cows decreased in milk-fat percentage on 2. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and trans-monoene fatty acids of the milk fat were (1) 30.31, 3.24, 10.15, 30.48, 2.59, 7.91; (2) 26.37; and (3) 26.30, 3.72, 10.56, 30.10, 2.96, 9.84. Proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids were not significantly affected by treatment. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids in the rumen ingesta were (1) 17.28, 47.92, 21.71, 10.59, 2.46; (2) 19.55, 25.90, 37.21, 11.97, 5.39; and (3) 16.90, 50.80, 19.66, 9.11, and 3.23. Fatty acid composition of blood-serum phospholipids were affected by treatment.

Abomasum↗