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Biomedical subjects

J A Rummel

Publications and source records attributed to J A Rummel.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

A systems approach to the physiology of weightlessness.

This paper presents a systems approach to the unraveling of the complex response pattern of the human subjected to the challenge of weightlessness. The major goal of this research is to obtain an understanding of the role that each of the major components of the human system plays following the transition to and from space. The cornerstone of this approach is the utilization of a variety of mathematical models in order to pose and test alternative hypotheses concerned with the adaptation process. An integrated hypothesis for the human physiological response to weightlessness is developed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

Pulmonary function evaluation during the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz missions.

Previous experience during Apollo postflight exercise testing indicated no major changes in pulmonary function. Pulmonary function has been studied in detail following exposure to hypoxic and hyperoxic normal gravity environments, but no previous study has reported on men exposed to an environment that was both normoxic at 258 torr total pressure and at null gravity as encountered in Skylab. Forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured during the preflight and postflight periods of the Skylab 2 mission. Inflight measurements of vital capacity (VC) were obtained during the last 2 weeks of the second manned mission (Skylab 3). More detailed pulmonary function screening was accomplished during the Skylab 4 mission. The primary measurements made during Skylab 4 testing included residual volume determination (RV), closing volume (CV), VC, FVC and its derivatives. In addition, VC was measured in flight at regular intervals during the Skylab 4 mission. Vital capacity was decreased slightly (-10%) in flight in all Skylab 4 crewmen. No major preflight-to-postflight changes were observed. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crewmen were studied using equipment and procedures similar to those employed during Skylab 4. Postflight evaluation of the ASTP crewmen was complicated by their inadvertent exposure to nitrogen tetroxide gas fumes upon reentry.

Aerospace Medicine↗

Exercise cardiac output following Skylab missions: the second manned Skylab mission.

Cardiac output was measured during preflight and postflight exercise-stress tests on the Skylab astronauts. In the postflight tests immediately following the 28-, 59-, and 84-d earth orbital missions, the astronauts exhibited an approximate 30% decrease in cardiac output coupled with an approximate 50% decrease in cardiac stroke volume during exercise. These changes were accompanied by elevated heart rates and significant (p less than 0.01) increases in total systemic peripheral vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure was unchanged. The hemodynamic alterations were transient in that all parameters returned to normal preflight values within 30 d of the end of the orbital period. Duration of the zero-G exposure did not appear to influence either the magnitude of the hemodynamic changes or the time-course of their return to normal. These results are discussed in relation to other cardiovascular findings and possible mechanisms responsible for the observations are outlined.

Adult↗

Medical experiment M-171: results from the second manned Skylab mission.

Preflight, inflight, and postflight exercise response tests were conducted on the astronauts of the second Skylab mission (Skylab 3) as part of an evaluation of physiological adaptation to long-term weightlessness. The flight phase of this mission was 59 d in duration. An exercise protocol was designed around a bicycle ergometer which was used to apply work loads approximating 25, 50, and 75% of each crewman's measured maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max). Respiratory gas exchange (VO2, VCO2, and VE), heart rate, and blood pressure were measured during all tests; cardiac output was measured at selected times during preflight and postflight tests. Data obtained both at rest and during exercise in flight showed no consistent changes which would indicate a degraded physical work capacity. In fact, heart rate during exercise actually decreased for all crewmen in flight. This response indicated improved physical fitness in flight relative to preflight. The improved physical condition of this crew relative to that of the first Skylab crew is attributed to frequent performance of high levels of aerobic exercise in flight. The postflight period of readaptation of 1 G was characterized by a marked tachycardia, during which time stroke volume was decreased. This response returned to normal within 5 d postflight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

Effect of potassium depletion in normal males: an Apollo 15 simulation.

In the course of Apollo 15, physiologic abnormalities, manifested by ectopic activity on the ECG and unusual alterations in excerise tolerance, occurred in the crew of the Lunar Excursion Module. These were associated with decreases in total body potassium, measured by 42K, of 10% and 15%. The possibility of inadequate potassium (K plus) intake existed. A simulation study was performed prior to Apollo 16, corresponding in duration to Apollo 15. Subjects endured the same sleep aberrations and caloric expenditure as the Apollo 15 astronauts. Subjects consumed a diet containing only 15 mEq/d of K plus during the entire 12 d of absolute bedrest. ECG was continuously monitored, body fluid compartments and total body K plus were measured at intervals by radionuclide methods, electrolyte balance was determined daily, and excercise and orthostatic tolerances were determined prior to and after bedrest. In spite of decreases in total body K plus measured by 42K of 14.5% and 10.5%, and by potassium balances of 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, neither of the two subjects developed symptomatic hypokalemia. Minor ECG abnormalities were noted in one subject. Orthostatic and exercise tolerance showed only those changes expected as a result of bedrest. Muscle strength was unaffected. Study implications and reasons for discrepancies between K plus loss measured by balance techniques and 42K are reviewed.

Adult↗

Instrumented personal exercise during long-duration space flights.

This paper reports the results of instrumented personal exercise performed in flight by the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 crewmen. These data include physiological responses to maximum aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer at the conclusion of an 84-d exposure to zero-G (Sklyab 4). The bioinstrumentation provided continuous vectorcardiograph heart rate and cycle ergometer work level; minute updates of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, VO-2, V-CO-2, and VE. All Skylab 4 crewmen had higher V-O-2-max (cc/kg/min) at completion of the 84-d earth orbital mission than they had 4 d before launch. Two of these Skylab 4 crewmen, the scientist pilot and pilot, showed high levels of aerobic fitness with V-O-2-max of 54 and 51 cc/kg/min respectively at a heart rate of 185 beats/min and a workload of 286 w.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

Skylab experiment M-171 "Metabolic Activity"--results of the first manned mission.

The experiment was performed to ascertain whether man's ability to perform mechanical work would be altered as a result of exposure to the weightless environment. Skylab II crewmen were exercised on a bicycle ergometer at loads approximating 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum oxygen uptake while their physiological responses were monitored. The results of these tests indicate that the crewmen had no significant decrement in their response to exercise during their exposure to zero gravity. Immediately postflight, however, all crewmen demonstrated an inability to perform the programmed exercise with the same metabolic effectiveness as they did both preflight and inflight. The most significant changes were elevated heart rates for the same work load and oxygen consumption (decreased oxygen pulse), decreased stroke volume, and decreased cardiac output at the same oxygen consumption level. It is apparent that the changes occurred inflight, but did not manifest themselves until the crewmen attempted to readapt to the 1-G environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗