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Biomedical subjects

J Ainamo

Publications and source records attributed to J Ainamo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Plaque formation and gingivitis after mouthrinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo for 4 weeks, following an initial professional tooth cleaning.

A double-blind, randomised, 4-week clinical trial with parallel group design in 57 patients with gingivitis was conducted for studying the antibacterial efficacy and safety of a delmopinol HCl aqueous solution 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v), which was used for unsupervised mouth-rinsing and compared with placebo and chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v, Hibitane Dental, ICI Pharmaceuticals, UK). The plaque index and plaque wet weight were used to measure plaque formation, and gingival fluid flow and bleeding on probing to measure gingivitis. According to the reduction from baseline, chlorhexidine showed a significantly better effect on plaque formation than the placebo after 4 weeks treatment for both plaque measurements. Delmopinol exhibited significantly lower plaque index scores than placebo. The difference between chlorhexidine and delmopinol was not statistically significant for any of the plaque measurements. For gingivitis, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the effects of delmopinol, chlorhexidine and placebo. A transient anaesthetic sensation in the oral mucosa was experienced more clearly by the patients in the delmopinol group than by those using chlorhexidine or placebo rinses. Rinsing with chlorhexidine resulted in more staining of the teeth and tongue than did delmopinol and placebo. The placebo solution tasted better than the 2 active solutions. The results showed that rinsing with either delmopinol HCl aqueous solution 2 mg/ml or chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml 2x daily for 60 as a supplement to normal oral hygiene, following an initial professional tooth cleaning, leads to a lower plaque formation than rinsing with placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A site-by-site follow-up study on the effect of controlled versus poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In the present site-by-site follow-up study, the change in amount of approximal alveolar bone was assessed after 1 year from the baseline examination in 38 and after 2 years in 22 dentate subjects all with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The diabetics, aged 35 to 56 years at baseline, had a history of a mean duration of 18 years of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and were under medical treatment at the outpatient clinic of the III Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki as well as at 2 diabetic clinics of the Helsinki Health Centre. Based upon their long-term medical records, 26 subjects were after 1 year, and 16 subjects after 2 years from the baseline, identified as having poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes (PIDD). At the 1-year examination, 12 subjects were classified as having controlled insulin-dependent diabetes (CIDD) as compared to 6 subjects at the 2-year examination. After 1 and 2 years, from baseline, site-by-site measurements were recorded for plaque index scores, bleeding after probing, loss of attachment, and radiographic loss of alveolar bone. After 1 and 2 years from baseline, the PIDD subjects exhibited higher mean %s of sites with improved bleeding scores (P < 0.01, chi 2-test) than the CIDD subjects. At the 2-year examination, the mean % of sites with loss of approximal alveolar bone was greater in the PIDD than in the CIDD group (P < 0.05, chi 2-test). The greatest differences between PIDD and CIDD subjects were found when recordings for only canines were analyzed at the 1- and 2-year examinations (P < 0.05, chi 2-test). The results of our current 2-year longitudinal site-by-site examinations confirm earlier results that poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is strongly related to the amount of alveolar bone loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The width of radiologically-defined attached gingiva over permanent teeth in children.

Several authors have determined clinically the width of attached gingiva (AG) over the deciduous and early permanent dentitions in children. They have noticed that when comparing the width of AG over deciduous teeth to the width of AG over the succeeding newly erupted permanent teeth, a clear diminishing in AG can be seen. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the width of radiologically-defined AG (RAG) over the permanent teeth of 6-, 10- and 12-year-old children. Altogether 123 subjects were recruited. The mucogingival junction (MGJ) was revealed with Schiller's iodine solution and marked over each tooth with a piece of metal wire before taking a panoramic radiograph. The width of RAG over permanent teeth was measured from the radiographs as the midfacial distance from the cementoenamel junction to the mucogingival junction. When comparing the width of RAG over 1st molars and the 1st and 2nd incisors, statistically significant differences were found between 6- and 10-year-olds, between 6- and 12-year-olds and between 10- and 12-year-olds. For the 1st maxillary incisor, the difference in width was not statistically significant between ages 10 and 12 years. The findings seem to justify the conclusion that an inadequate width of AG will correct itself from 6 to 12 years of age without interference by means of periodontal surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Self-reported gingivitis and bleeding gums among adolescents in Helsinki.

The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional community based investigation was to analyze the relationship between professionally measured and perceived gingival health in a sample of 1217 adolescents (age 14.0 +/- 0.7 yr). The responses to two questionnaire items relating to self-reporting of "gingivitis" ("inflammation of gums" in Finnish) and "bleeding from gums" are reported along with Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), percentage of bleeding sites (BOP%) and modified Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) scores. It was found that current or past "gingivitis" was less often reported than "bleeding from gums" by this sample and that responses to both items exhibited low levels of agreement with the clinical measures. The results suggest that the self-reporting of gingival health may be useful in monitoring the gingival health of populations but does not have sufficient validity for screening individuals for gingivitis as defined by dental professionals. Furthermore, it is suggested that the term "bleeding from gums" rather than "gingivitis" should be used during clinical or group oral health promotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Validity and relevance of the criteria of the CPITN.

The validity and relevance of the criteria used in the CPITN index are considered against the background of their use throughout the world in the last 15 years. Overall the CPITN criteria satisfy both measures, although some suggestions are given for further refinements. It is recommended that, in conjunction with the Periodontal Screening and Recording system, a simplification to five code numbers for both findings and treatment needs be considered. Other matters considered should include the discontinuation of the description 'shallow pocket', training in the use of a 20 g probing force and a lowering of the age at which periodontal screenings are commenced for children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

A longitudinal study on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease.

In the present two-year longitudinal investigation, the progression of periodontal disease was assessed after 1 year from the baseline examination in 38 dentate subjects and after 2 years in 22 dentate subjects with a mean duration of 18 years of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The diabetics, aged 35 to 56 years at baseline, were under medical treatment at the outpatient clinic of the III Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki and at 2 diabetic clinics of the Helsinki Health Centre. Based upon their long-term medical records, 26 subjects were at baseline identified as having poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes (PIDD) with a mean blood glucose level of 12.5 mmol/l and a mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1) level of 10.1%. 12 subjects were classified as having controlled insulin-dependent diabetes (CIDD) with a mean blood glucose level of 6.7 mmol/l and a mean HBA1 level of 9.2% at baseline. For each individual, recordings were made at baseline and after 1 and 2 years from the baseline for the plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, loss of attachment, bleeding after probing, gingival recession, and radiographic loss of alveolar bone. At baseline and 2 years after the baseline examination, the PIDD subjects had similar plaque conditions as the CIDD subjects. At baseline and after 1 and 2 years from baseline the PIDD subjects had more gingivitis and bleeding after probing (P < 0.05, chi 2-test) than the CIDD subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparability and discriminating power of 4 plaque quantifications.

This study was designed for analysis of the discriminating power of 4 different quantifications of supragingival plaque: (1) plaque wet weight (PWW); (2) the plaque index (PlI); (3) the PLQ index measuring the coronal extension of plaque; (4) the area % of stained plaque. Different quantities of plaque were produced by adding chlorhexidine acetate (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or sucrose to experimental chewing gums. Total mean scores of 12 subjects in each of 3 test groups revealed that chewing of CHX gum resulted in the lowest plaque scores with all 4 quantifications and that the highest scores were recorded for the PWW or PlI of the sucrose gum users. Chewing of the H2O2 gum produced as much plaque as the sucrose gum when evaluated according to the PLQ index and exceeded the sucrose gum scores when evaluated according to the area % index. The PWW discriminated best between low, medium and high plaque scores after chewing of both CHX, H2O2 and sucrose gums. PlI scores 1 and 3 remained stable whereas the frequency of PlI score 0 strongly decreased and that of score 2 strongly increased when going from gums producing low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) to large (sucrose) amounts of plaque. The PLQ index discriminated well between low and medium but poorly between medium and large amounts of plaque. The area % index functioned well when subjects with low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) plaque scores were subgrouped into those with < 30%, 30-70% or > 70% of their tooth surfaces covered with stained plaque.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1992

Periodontal conditions in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In the present investigation, the frequency and severity of periodontal disease was assessed in a group of 71 patients with a mean duration of 16.5 years of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD). The diabetics, aged 17-63 years, were under treatment at the diabetic outpatient clinic of the III Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki and at two clinics of the Helsinki Health Centre. Based upon their long-term medical records, 44 individuals were assessed to have a poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (PIDD). At baseline of the present study, the PIDD group had a mean blood glucose level of 11.8 mmol/l and a mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1) level of 10.7%. 27 subjects were classified as having a controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (CIDD). For each individual, site-specific recordings were made for the plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, loss of attachment, bleeding after probing, gingival recession and radiographic loss of alveolar bone. Under similar plaque conditions, adult subjects with a long-term PIDD were found to have lost more approximal attachment and bone than subjects with a CIDD (P = 0.046, P = 0.019). These differences were not equally obvious when the subjects were classified according to the history of medical complications, such as retinopathies, neuropathies and nephropathies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Location of the mucogingival junction 18 years after apically repositioned flap surgery.

The apically repositioned flap procedure, by definition, implies that the mucogingival junction (MGJ) is shifted into an apical location. That this actually would be the case has never been shown in long-term studies. The 13 subjects in the present study had during the years 1964-1965 received treatment of moderately advanced periodontal disease (probing pocket depths less than or equal to 5 mm) in the lower jaw. An apically repositioned flap (ARF) procedure was applied in the left or right half of the mandible and a gingivectomy (GE) was performed in the contralateral side. Starting in December 1981, the patients were recalled for clinical and radiographic determination of long-term results. The width of the band of keratinized gingiva was measured clinically and the distance from the MGJ to the lower border of the mandible (LBM) was measured from orthopantomograms. Slightly less keratinized gingiva was observed on the sides where GE had been used. There was no statistically significant difference in the orthopantomographic distance from the MGJ to the LBM between ARF and GE operations. The results indicate that the apically repositioned flap procedure does not result in a permanent apical shift of the MGJ.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Clinical responses to subgingival application of a metronidazole 25% gel compared to the effect of subgingival scaling in adult periodontitis.

A newly developed metronidazole 25% dental gel was compared with subgingival scaling in the treatment of adult periodontitis. 206 patients in 9 centres participated in the study. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded before treatment and 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks after the treatment. All patients had at least 1 tooth in each quadrant with a PPD of 5 mm or more. The treatments consisted of 2 applications of dental gel (days 0 and 7) in 2 randomly selected quadrants (split mouth design) and 2 sessions of subgingival scaling (1 quadrant on day 0, and 1 quadrant on day 7). Instruction in oral hygiene was given 2 weeks after completed treatment. The average PPD and the average frequency of BOP were calculated over all sites with initial PPD of 5 mm or more. PPD and BOP were thus, at each examination, calculated from the same sites. The mean PPD was 5.9 mm before gel application and 5.8 mm before scaling (p = 0.31). BOP was 88% in both treatment groups. 24 weeks after the treatment, PPD and BOP were significantly reduced in both groups and for both parameters (p < 0.01). PPD was reduced by 1.3 mm after gel application and 1.5 mm after scaling; BOP was reduced by 32% and 39%, respectively. The difference between the treatments was statistically significantly, but considered as clinically unimportant.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Significance of epidemiologic research in the understanding of periodontal disease.

This review describes the development of periodontal index systems which during the last 50 yr have made it possible to gradually expand our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Modern epidemiologic research on the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases is based on a substantial amount of scientific data collected since the early 1940's. The work of a number of innovative researchers has eventually resulted in the clarification of one unsolved problem after the other. At the same time new ideas have been developed for the inclusion of public health aspects in the epidemiologic analyses. The assessment of periodontal treatment needs has become an issue of great importance in many countries of the world and has initiated a discussion and studies on the role of the possibilities for self-assessment of treatment needs. A completely new area of interest has developed when recent epidemiologic surveys demonstrated a substantial increase in the numbers of elderly people together with a substantial increase in the number of teeth per elderly person.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1990

Rapid periodontal destruction in adult humans with poorly controlled diabetes. A report of 2 cases.

Out of a pool of 12 middle-aged or elderly diabetic patients demonstrating rapid periodontal break-down, the 2 oldest cases with follow-up periods of 19 and 16 years are described. The common feature of all 12 patients was that they were either unaware of or unable to control their diabetic condition at the time of the active stage of their periodontal disease. The bone loss progressed in spite of specialist periodontal care and the patients again responded to treatment only after their elevated blood glucose levels had been brought back to normal. Thus, the rapid periodontal breakdown was not found to be associated with the diabetic condition per se, but rather with the hyperglycemia. This clinical follow-up study does not answer the question of whether rapid periodontal destruction occurs in all patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Neither do the observations imply that rapid bone loss would be pathognomic of high blood glucose levels. However, the observations seem to suggest that there may be an inter-relationship between rapid periodontal breakdown and elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore, any sudden change towards an increased progression rate of periodontal breakdown at adult age, as observed from periodic radiographs with intervals of only a few years, should be followed up with a medical examination in order to outrule or verify the possibility of a high blood glucose level.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Optimal dosage of chlorhexidine acetate in chewing gum.

In a previous study, 800 mg pieces of sorbitol-flavored gum, each piece containing 5 mg chlorhexidine (CHX) acetate, when chewed 2 at the time 5 x daily, were found to have an excellent plaque growth inhibiting effect. The aim of Trial 1 of the present study was to assess whether chewing only 2 x daily, 2 pieces of the same concentration CHX gum for about 10 min would be as effective. 6 dental students participated in the 3 x randomly crossed over double-blind clinical trial. During the 5-day chewing periods, no other oral hygiene measures were allowed. The Hibitane Dental (HD) rinse was used as a positive and the gum base containing neither CHX nor the sweetening agent as a negative control. At the end of each test period, recordings were made for the plaque index (PII), the plaque wet weight (PWW) and the relative area of plaque covered tooth surface (plaque area %). Chewing of CHX gum twice daily inhibited plaque growth as effectively as the HD rinse. The aim of Trial 2 was to assess the antiplaque effect of lower concentration CHX gums with, hopefully, a less unpleasant taste. For this trial, 8 dental students were recruited to chew 2 x daily during 6-day periods two 800 mg pieces of sorbitol-flavored gum, each piece now containing either 5 mg, 4 mg or 3 mg CHX acetate. The effect of these dosages did not differ from the effect of the HD rinse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1990

[Periodontal treatment needs in a Spanish school population].

The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal treatment needs of the population under 20 years of age in Spain. 1469 young people, aged 7, 12 and 15-19 years, and representing the urban (60%) and rural (40%) population from Spain were evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (C.P.I.T.N.). In the first age group (7 years), 12% presented calculus or overhanging restorations, and 45% had bleeding upon probing only. In the age group of 12 years the proportion of individuals with calculus, overthanging restorations or moderate pocket depths was 39%, while 38% had gingivitis as their highest treatment need. In the oldest group (15-19 years) the number of subjects with bleeding upon probing decreased to 17%, while the percentage of individuals having moderate pockets, calculus or overhanging restorations increased to 67%. 1% of this youngsters had pockets of 6 mm. or over. At age 7, only 30% had "acceptable gingival health", and no more than 15% of the 18 year-olds reached this condition.

Adolescent↗