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Biomedical subjects

J B Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to J B Campbell.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine.

A new recombinant rabies vaccine (human adenovirus 5 containing the rabies glycoprotein gene) was given to striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Groups of skunks received the vaccine in baits, by direct instillation into the mouth, or intramuscularly. Foxes were given vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity (DIOC). Selected groups of vaccinated skunks and foxes were challenged with street rabies virus. There were high rates of seroconversion (generally with high antibody titers) in both foxes and skunks, with survival of all challenged vaccinated animals (all challenge controls developed rabies). In skunks, vaccine given DIOC was effective over a broad range of doses (10(8.7), 10(7.6) and 10(6.4) median tissue culture infective doses). There was no evidence of pathogenic effects. The results indicate that this adenovirus recombinant has considerable potential as a wildlife oral rabies vaccine.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1992

Saponin.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1992

Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and heat stress on weight gain and feed efficiency of feeder cattle.

Cattle respond to the feeding of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), by bunching to protect their front legs. This bunching can increase heat stress which indirectly accounts for much of the reduction in cattle weight gains. We used fly-screened, self-contained feedlot pens which allowed regulation of fly populations feeding on cattle. The indirect fly effects (bunching and heat stress) accounted for 71.5% of the reduced weight gain. The direct effect of the biting flies and energy loss involved in fighting flies accounted for 28.5% of the reduced weight gain.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Trap-vaccinate-release and oral vaccination for rabies control in urban skunks, raccoons and foxes.

Two rabies control tactics, trap-vaccinate-release (T-V-R) and oral vaccination were used for the control of rabies in skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in metropolitan Toronto, Canada. Using T-V-R, a mean of 45% to 72% (95% confidence limits of 40% to 81%) of the skunks and a mean of 17% to 68% (95% confidence limits of 14% to 76%) of the raccoons in a 60 km2 area of Toronto were vaccinated against rabies between 1987 and 1991. The area has been free of skunk rabies from May 1989 to April 1992. Forty-five rabies cases were diagnosed during 1980 to 1986. In contrast, only three skunk cases have been reported since the vaccination program began in July 1987. The T-V-R area also remained rabies free during an epizootic of skunk rabies in metropolitan Toronto during 1991. Following distribution of rabies vaccine-baits throughout the ravines of metropolitan Toronto, June 1989 to December 1991, 46% to 80% of the Toronto fox population was immunized during 1989, 1990 and 1991. Only one case of fox rabies was reported in metropolitan Toronto since vaccination began, compared to 80 cases reported between 1982 and 1988. The area has been free of reported fox rabies from October 1990 to April 1992.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Consideration of inactivated rabies vaccines as oral immunogens of wild carnivores.

An experimental beta-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated rabies virus vaccine was evaluated for the oral immunization of captive raccoons (Procyon lotor) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). None of 10 red foxes administered a single 1.0 ml dose of BPL-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (PM strain; 100 or 500 micrograms protein) per os developed detectable anti-rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) at any time over 8 wk of observation. Foxes were excluded from further study. In two different groups of five to six raccoons, each administered a single 1.0 ml dose of BPL-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (ERA strain) per os, at concentrations of 100 or 400 micrograms protein, only a single animal in each group demonstrated evidence of seroconversion within 4 wk. In contrast, instillation of a single dose (500 micrograms protein) of BPL-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (ERA strain), directly into the small intestine via fiberoptic endoscope, or ERA vaccine (800 micrograms protein) instillation to the buccal cavity by needle-less syringe, resulted in the production of rabies-specific VNA and protection against lethal rabies infection in three of six, and in four of six raccoons, respectively; all seven control raccoons succumbed to street virus challenge. These preliminary challenge studies, while somewhat encouraging, demonstrate that considerable quantities of purified viral antigen are required for even minimal oral efficacy against lethal rabies infection. At the present time, therefore, potent, self-replicating, attenuated, or recombinant viruses offer the most versatile, economic, efficacious, and safe solutions to terrestrial rabies control of free-ranging carnivores.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Studies on efficacy and stability of a vaccine bait containing ERA strain of rabies virus propagated in a BHK-21 cell line.

In a dose response study in foxes, the median protective dose of ERA BHK21 vaccine in a blister pack bait was 10(6.0) tissue culture infective doses (TCID)/mL, while artificially aged baits with titers of 10(6.3) TCID/mL induced seroconversion in 78% of foxes. There was no significant difference in the development of antibodies in foxes receiving 1, 2 or 3 mL volumes of vaccine in the bait. When baits were exposed to the elements and fed to foxes over a 21 day period, 85% of the animals seroconverted. Age, sex and the way in which the vaccine container was contacted did not appear to be factors in the responses of these animals. Juvenile foxes, approximately six months of age, were marked more readily with the tetracycline bait marker than older animals. Approximately 25% of foxes did not appear to respond well to vaccination and the titer of the vaccine was a critical factor in producing seroconversion in these animals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Sequence analysis of putative E3 and fiber genomic regions of two strains of canine adenovirus type 1.

The nucleotide sequences of the genomes of two strains of canine adenovirus, type 1 (Glaxo and CLL) have been determined within the region spanning approximately 0.80-0.91 map unit. Homology comparisons with other adenoviral DNAs indicate that this region contains part of the hexon-associated protein (pVIII) precursor gene on the left, and a 57-kDa fiber-encoding gene on the right. In both viral strains, the sequences of these genes are identical. Accepting the generally highly conserved nature of the genetic organization of adenoviral genomes, the 1136-bp sequence between them would include the canine equivalent of the human adenoviral E3 region. In the Glaxo strain, which is nonattenuated, this sequence contains only two R-strand open reading frames capable of coding for polypeptides of 60 residues or more. One of these appears to code for a transmembrane glycoprotein of 194 amino acid residues. Neither ORF, however, shows significant homology with any other known adenoviral DNA or protein sequence. The corresponding region in the attenuated strain CLL is almost identical with that of the Glaxo, but with a 325-bp deletion resulting in a fusion of the two ORFs. It seems, therefore, that neither ORF is essential for viral replication in vitro, since the CLL strain replicates just as efficiently as the Glaxo. The suggestion is made that the attenuation of the CLL strain may be related to the nonfunctionality of its E3 gene product(s).

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1991

Fanconi's anaemia and post-cricoid carcinoma.

A case of post-cricoid carcinoma, occurring in a patient with Fanconi's anaemia is presented. The case illustrates the rare association of the two diseases. The problems with the management of such a case are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The microbiology of peritonsillar sepsis.

Pus obtained by needle aspiration of 91 peritonsillar abscesses was examined microbiologically. A positive culture was obtained in 55 patients (60 per cent). Sixty-four bacteriological isolates were grown. Forty patients had a pure growth of a single organism, of which 21 (53 per cent) were beta Haemolytic streptococci. Pure growths of Staphylococcus aureus were found in only three patients. Fifteen patients had mixed organisms, including anaerobes, in their pus and the resistance to penicillin was low. Only the bacteroides species were generally penicillin resistant. The vast majority of patients made a good recovery following needle drainage of the abscess and treatment with parenteral penicillin. The patients with a mixture of penicillin sensitive and penicillin resistant organisms also made a good clinical recovery following needle drainage and administration of parenteral penicillin. The relevance of these findings in the pathogenesis and management of peritonsillar sepsis is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Developmental sites and relative abundance of immature stages of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in beef cattle feedlot pens in eastern Nebraska.

A 3-yr study was done to determine where and at what relative frequency stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), immatures develop in beef cattle feedlot pens and the relationship of stable fly immature versus adult sample densities. Pens within feedlots were divided into five areas (the feed apron, back fence, side fences, mound, and the general lot); from each area, three core samples were randomly taken weekly. In 1986 and 1987, the feed apron yielded the most immature stable flies (62.5%). The mound and side fences yielded a significant percentage of flies (24.6 and 8.4%, respectively). There was a strong correlation (overall r = 0.86) between numbers of immatures and numbers of adults 2 wk later. In 1988, a drought year, low numbers of immatures were collected, and only one correlation between numbers of immatures and adults was significant. In all 3 yr, sample densities of stable fly immatures peaked and began to decline by midseason. Waste management along the feed apron and mound areas could significantly reduce stable fly populations. Sampling immatures from these areas could permit prediction of adult numbers.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ability of Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) to acquire and transmit bovine herpesvirus-1.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) was detected in Musca autumnalis De Geer after feeding on virus suspensions in bovine albumin or sucrose. Virus was detected for 48 h in flies fed an albumin suspension, with the highest titers recovered in crops (1.0 x 10(4) TCID50/ml) and whole-body (5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml/fly) specimens immediately after feeding; the level of virus declined rapidly thereafter. Virus titers in flies fed sucrose suspensions were 5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml in excised crops and 5 x 10(5) TCID50/ml in whole-body specimens; virus was not detected in flies 72 h after feeding. Four Hereford calves exposed for 4 h to BHV-1 fed flies did not develop any clinical symptoms related to BHV-1 transmission (i.e., elevated temperatures, ocular/nasal discharges, and labored breathing). Serum neutralization and plaque reduction tests did not show antibody production in calves exposed to BHV-1 infected flies. While we demonstrated that face flies retained BHV-1 for a short period of time, it does not appear that M. autumnalis is involved in either the mechanical or biological transmission of BHV-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The management of peritonsillar sepsis by needle aspiration.

172 consecutive patients admitted with suspected unilateral peritonsillar sepsis were studied. Needle aspiration of the peritonsillar space was performed, and they were all then treated with intravenous antibiotics (usually benzylpenicillin). Any pus obtained was cultured. The aspiration was repeated if the patient was not improving after 24 h. A quantity of pus was aspirated at the first attempt from 91 patients (53%); 82 of these required no further aspiration but 7 required a further single aspiration and 2 required a further 2 aspirations before resolution of the sepsis. 71 of the 81 patients (88%) from whom pus had not been aspirated, and who were therefore initially considered to have peritonsillar cellulitis, required no further aspirations. However, 6 subsequently drained pus spontaneously and 4 produced a positive aspirate on a second occasion. Four patients required a change in their antibiotic therapy. We have found the combination of needle aspiration and parenteral antibiotics to be an effective treatment of peritonsillar sepsis. All patients were spared the unpleasant and painful experience of an incision and drainage procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Hearing aid prescribing: is the specialist opinion necessary?

A restructuring of the service for provision of hearing aids has been proposed by the Royal National Institute for the Deaf. This is based on the assumption that very few patients referred for hearing aids have significant ear disease and it is not necessary for them to see an ENT specialist. The case notes of 200 consecutive patients referred to the Hearing Aid clinic were reviewed. In only half of these would a hearing aid have been prescribed without a specialist opinion. The remainder either did not need a hearing aid or required further investigation and surgical or medical treatment. In addition there was significant evidence of lack of expertise amongst General Practitioners in recognizing ear disorders. It is imperative that any patient requiring a hearing aid be seen by someone experienced in otology rather than be dealt with by the General Practitioner alone.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1991

Modification of impression cytology for in-office use.

An in-office procedure for assessment of the conjunctival epithelium, goblet cells, mucin and immune cells is described. The collection of three samples from each eye greatly improves cell harvest and increases reproducibility of the technique called impression cytology. The protocol and its pitfalls are discussed as well as the numerous applications of impression cytology.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1979

Effect of serum-antigen incubation times on the expression of non-specific inhibitors of rubella hemagglutination.

Under certain conditions, serum very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) can inhibit rubella hemagglutination. The level of this non-specific hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity increases as the incubation period between serum and antigen is increased. Treatment of serum with heparin-MnCl2 does not precipitate HDL, and may not effect complete removal of all VLDL. This treatment method, therefore, should be considered a source of false-positive reactions, especially when extended serum-antigen incubation periods are used to enhance HI activity and to detect low levels of IgM.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Neonatal gastric volvulus.

Three infants with acute gastric volvulus occurring during the first week of life are presented, bringing the total number of cases reported in the neonatal period to nine. Abdominal radiographs and constrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract were nearly identical in all three infants and showed a characteristic pattern that allowed unequivocal preoperative diagnosis. It is essential that the radiologist recognize the radiographic features of acute gastric volvulus, since prompt operative intervention is mandatory to prevent late complications, which include gastric perforation and death.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Unusual sensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells to bleomycin.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from four patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT), an inherited disorder showing, among other features, radiosensitivity and a high frequency of cancers, were shown to be cytogenetically more sensitive to bleomycin than were lymphocytes from both normal individuals and a single patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. With cell survival techniques, a biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both normal and AT fibroblasts, although the AT cells showed a much lower survival. The increased sensitivity to bleomycin in AT cells might be expected since it is a radiomimetic drug, but more importantly the known action of bleomycin in producing DNA strand scission suggests that AT cells might be defective in rejoining a proportion of DNA strand breaks.

Ataxia Telangiectasia↗