A comprehensive diabetes education program.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Bartel.
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The paper is a practical approach to fetal echocardiography using real-time ultrasound. The normal sonoanatomy of the fetal heart is presented for the non-cardiologist. The basic cross-sectional views are explained as well as the systematic analysis of the different fetal heart structures. The main heart malformations are reviewed with a description of their appearance in prenatal real-time-ultrasound illustrated by some figures. The examination of the fetal heart could be easy learned, but the assessment and the differentiation of congenital heart defects are only possible by a systematic approach, experience and patience. The examination of the fetal heart should be therefore involved in the screening-ultrasound performed by the prenatal sonographer and suspicious findings has to be referred to a perinatal center.
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The authors report on three cases of aorticoventricular tunnel in two children and a baby. Clinical experience confirmed the necessity of earliest diagnosis and treatment, closure of both tunnel-ends, using a patch for the aortic stoma to prevent aortic valve incompetence.
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