Biomedical subjects

J Bredenkamp

Publications and source records attributed to J Bredenkamp.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1998

Recognition of script-typical versus script-atypical information: effects of cognitive elaboration.

Memory for script-atypical information has been shown to be superior to memory for script-typical information. Two explanations of this typicality effect are evaluated: (1) the attention-elaboration hypothesis (AEH) and (2) the script-copy-plus-tag hypothesis (SCTH). The AEH claims that atypical information is recognized better because it attracts more attention and cognitive elaboration. According to the SCTH, memory representations of script-based texts are established automatically and constitute a copy of the script plus tags for atypical events that facilitate later recognition. We investigated recognition memory and memory for the presentation form of typical and atypical items originally shown with versus without missing letters. Experiment 1 showed that presenting items in fragmentary form tends to improve recognition memory mostly for highly typical items. Experiment 2 revealed that the size of this missing-letters effect is affected by the presentation form of items preceding the target items during acquisition. For fragmented items preceded by other fragmented items, the typicality effect virtually disappeared. Memory for the presentation form of items was generally moderate. These results are readily explained within the AEH framework and pose some problems for the SCTH.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Preliminary experiments on the correlation of speech errors and working memory].

This article is based on the conjecture that a relation exists between the phonological loop, part of the working memory (Baddeley, 1997), and speech production. The influence of verbal material stored in the phonological loop on the frequency of slips during articulation was studied experimentally. The SLIP technique of inducing speech errors was used (Baars, 1992). Pairs of words are presented successively to the subjects for one second each. Some of the word pairs are to be spoken aloud. The articulation of these words can be influenced by preceding phonologically interfering words in such a way that the probability of exchanging the first phonemes of both words is increased (spoonerisms). In both exploratory experiments we performed, the time interval between the phonologically interfering information and the pairs of words which had to be spoken aloud was systematically manipulated. According to Baddeley's theory of working memory (1997) it was expected that phonological interference should be restricted to a time interval of about two seconds. This expectation was supported empirically.

Attention↗

PubMed1996

[Slip technique, process dissociation model and multinomial modeling: new tools for experimental detection of "Freudian slips"].

The study reported here was conducted as a test of the so-called "weak Freudian hypothesis", which claims that unconscious thoughts are relevant for the generation of speech errors. Spoonerisms were induced experimentally using the so-called SLIP technique. Motley and Baars (1976) demonstrated an increase in speech error rates when spoonerisms were primed semantically. The extensively discussed problems of "unawareness" of briefly presented stimuli were circumvented by using a modified version of Jacoby's process dissociation technique which allows a model-based estimation of conscious and unconscious processes within a task. The two reported experiments combined a wordstem completion task for estimating probabilities of perceptual processes and a SLIP task under identical perceptual conditions. A joint multinomial model was constructed for data analysis. The SLIP technique was successfully applied using German stimuli, adequate experimental variations raised the error rate from 7% in experiment 1 to 19% in experiment 2. Neither the replication of Motley and Baars' results nor unconscious priming of speech errors were statistically confirmed. Despite this negative result, the descriptive pattern of parameter estimates is psychologically meaningful: primes that remained unconscious resulted in a higher speech error probability than primes that were perceived consciously. Conscious perception might trigger control processes that act in opposition of speech errors. Statistical problems of the particular multinomial model and possible solutions in future research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1984