PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Broughton

Publications and source records attributed to J Broughton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Maori work-related fatal injury, 1985-1994.

AIMS: To document the rate of work-related fatal injury for Maori; to establish whether a difference exists between Maori and non-Maori; and to examine possible explanations in the event that differences did occur. METHODS: Coronial files collected as part of the examination of work-related fatal injuries occurring between 1985 and 1994, excluding motor vehicle fatalities on public roads, were reviewed. Maori were identified by either the classification recorded upon death certificates or if they were identified as Maori within coroner's files. RESULTS: 89 Maori were identified within the 741 worker fatalities. Agreement between the data sources used to identify ethnic status was approximately 52%. The crude rate for the decade was significantly higher for Maori than non-Maori. A significant linear decline across years was evident for the non-Maori rates but not for Maori rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the first to specifically investigate work-related injury for Maori, confirms that an overall disparity exists between Maori and non-Maori, and that it is probably due to differences in employment patterns.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Use of a long-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition in which continuous bronchodilation may have clinical advantages. This study evaluated salmeterol, a beta-agonist bronchodilator with a duration of action substantially longer than that of short-acting beta-agonists, compared with ipratropium, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, and placebo in patients with COPD. Four hundred and five patients with COPD received either salmeterol 42 microg twice daily, ipratropium bromide 36 microg four times daily, or placebo for 12 wk in this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Patients were stratified on the basis of bronchodilator response to albuterol (> 12% and > 200-ml improvement) and were randomized within each stratum. Bronchodilator response was measured over 12 h four times during the treatment period. Salmeterol provided similar maximal bronchodilatation to ipratropium but had a longer duration of action and a more constant bronchodilatory effect with no evidence of bronchodilator tolerance. Both active treatments were well tolerated. Salmeterol was an effective bronchodilator with a consistent effect over this 12-wk study in patients with COPD, including those "unresponsive" to albuterol. The long duration of action of salmeterol offers the advantage of twice daily dosing compared with the required four times a day dosing with ipratropium.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2000

Injury to Maori. I: Fatalities.

AIMS: Our aim was to determine the significance in Maori of injury in relation to other health problems, to describe the leading causes of injury, and to determine age specific rates for major classes of injury. METHODS: We used New Zealand Health Information Services mortality data files. The New Zealand Census classification of 'Sole-Maori' was used to determine injury mortality rates. RESULTS: For more than three contiguous decades of life (1-34 yrs) injuries were the leading cause of death. For all age groups combined, unintentional injury accounted for 75% of injury deaths, suicide 17%, and assault 7%. The leading mechanism of death was motor vehicle traffic crashes (49%). Occupants of motor vehicles accounted for the majority of the victims. The occupant fatality rate remained relatively constant for all age groups from 15-24 years. The second most common mechanism of death was suffocation (13%), 76% of which were self-inflicted, all of these being hangings. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for government agencies with a mandate for injury prevention to develop specific injury prevention goals for Maori.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Injury to Maori. II: Serious injury.

AIMS: To determine the significance of serious injury in Maori relative to other health problems, to describe the leading causes, and to determine age specific rates for major classes of injury. METHOD: We used New Zealand Health Information Services' public hospital inpatient data files. The New Zealand Census classification of 'Sole-Maori' was used to determine injury mortality rates. RESULTS: On average, one in every eight admissions in Maori, was for injury. Injury was the leading reason for admission for those 5-44 years old. Unintentional injury accounted for 85% of injuries, with those ages 1-14 and 15-24 years having the highest numbers and rates. Falls, followed closely by motor vehicle traffic crashes, were the leading causes, accounting for 23% and 20% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In order to address the priorities identified here, appropriate partnerships between crown agencies and social agencies, both Iwi and/or community based, must be established.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2000

The development of Oranga niho services.

In order to address the disparities in dental health and to provide an affordable and appropriate dental health service that is accessible to Maori a new approach to dental health services for Maori must be established in New Zealand. The generally poor oral health status of Maori indicates that there are barriers to dental care and other determinants of oral health that include good diet, access to fluoride, knowledge of dental entitlements and compliance with dental follow-up. This paper outlines some of the innovative developments in oranga niho services promoted by the School of Dentistry in Dunedin that include Te Whare Kaitiaki, a whanau dental clinic in the School of Dentistry at the University of Otago in Dunedin, the establishment of working partnerships between a dental provider and Maori communities (e.g. Ratana Pa/Good Health Wanganui, Tipu Ora/School Dental Service and Te Hauora o Turanganui a Kiwa Ltd/1 Mobile Dental Unit, Royal New Zealand Dental Corps) and an Iwi based oranga niho service at Te Atiawa Medical Centre in New Plymouth. These initiatives demonstrate an increasingly independent Maori partner with the Iwi-based service highlighting the assertion of tino rangatiratanga by Iwi in the development and implementation of their own services.

Dental Health Services↗
PubMed1997

Cloning of SEC61 homologues from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica reveals the extent of functional conservation within this core component of the ER translocation machinery.

The Sec61 protein is required for protein translocation across the ER membrane in both yeast and mammals and is found in close association with polypeptides during their membrane transit. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec61p is essential for viability and the extent of sequence similarity between the yeast and mammalian proteins (55% sequence identity) suggests that the role of Sec61p in the translocation mechanism is likely to be conserved. In order to further our understanding of the structure and function of Sec61p we have cloned homologues from both Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica. The S. pombe gene comprises six exons encoding a 479 residue protein which we have immunolocalised to the endoplasmic reticulum. Sequence comparisons reveal that S. pombe Sec61p is 58.6% identical to that of S. cerevisiae. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Y. lipolytica protein shares 68.8% sequence identity with S. cerevisiae Sec61p. Gene disruption studies have shown that the SEC61 is required for viability in both S. pombe and Y. lipolytica demonstrating that the essential nature of this protein is not unique to S. cerevisiae. Moreover, heterologous complementation studies indicate that the Y. lipolytica SEC61 gene can complement a null mutation in S. cerevisiae. Sequence comparisons between the various eukaryotic Sec61p homologues reveal a number of highly conserved domains, including several transmembrane sequences and the majority of cytosolic loops. These comparisons will provide an important framework for the detailed analysis of interactions between Sec61p and other components of the translocation machinery and between Sec61p and translocating polypeptide chains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

The British index for comparing the accident record of car models.

This paper describes the second part of a study of the ways in which the accident records of different models of car can be compared on the basis of suitably detailed national accident data. An earlier paper (Broughton 1995) showed, from theoretical considerations, that the most satisfactory safety index is the one currently used by the British Department of Transport (DoT) to measure the level of secondary safety (crashworthiness). This paper presents empirical tests using British accident data from 1989-92 which confirm its value. It also describes a modelling approach which yields the same index and thus provides a theoretical justification for the DoT index. The index declines linearly with mass of model; a second safety index is developed on the basis of this relation which allows models of widely differing masses to be compared directly.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

The theoretical basis for comparing the accident record of car models.

The accident records of different models of car can be compared statistically, provided that accident data which allow the make and model of accident-involved cars to be identified are collected on a national scale: this has been done in Great Britain since 1989. This paper considers the theoretical basis for comparing safety and shows that, because of the lack of detailed exposure data, the most which can currently be achieved is to measure the level of secondary safety (also known as crashworthiness). Based on mathematical considerations, it is shown that the best measure of secondary safety of a particular model is the proportion of drivers who are injured when involved in a two-car accident where one or other driver is injured. In order to minimize bias, this proportion should be adjusted statistically to allow for the influence on the accident data of factors such as type of road and age of driver.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Further aspects of the British index of secondary car safety.

This paper develops earlier research into statistical methods for comparing the secondary safety of car models. Two papers (Broughton 1996a,b, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 28, pp. 89-99, and pp. 101-109, respectively) had concluded that the most satisfactory index of secondary safety is the one first used in publications of the U.K. Department of Transport, referred to as the British or DoT index. This paper shows that the distribution of the risk of injury when two cars collide depends principally on the difference in mass; as this rises, the driver of the lighter car is more likely to be injured and the driver of the heavier car is less likely to be injured, while the likelihood of both being injured reduces slightly. It also shows that the level of protection in fatal and serious accidents varies between models to a significantly greater extent than the level in all injury accidents. Car models of similar mass can provide significantly different levels of protection to their occupants, so there would be fewer casualties if all models were to provide the same level of protection as the most successful current designs. It is estimated that if the safety of all models were improved to the level achieved or exceeded by the safest twentieth of models then the number of drivers injured in two-car accidents would fall by 12% and the number killed or seriously injured by 22%.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1995

Suicide among New Zealand Maori: is history repeating itself?

Suicide rates for New Zealanders identified as Maori were analysed for the period 1957-91 and compared with those for non-Maori people. Overall, Maori men had about half the risk of suicide of non-Maori men, and Maori women one-third the risk of non-Maori women. Nevertheless, there was a sharp increase in suicide rates for Maori aged 15-24 years during the period studied, with rates for the 1987-91 time period of 35.2/100,000 for men and 6.0/100,000 for women. These were similar to the high suicide rates of young non-Maori New Zealanders. Suicide among Maori in pre-European times appears to have been embedded in traditional culture and may have occurred particularly among bereaved women; today the pattern is one of high rates in young men who are likely to have been alienated from their culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Te mahi niho hauora ki Ratana Pa: the dental health project at Ratana Pa.

Following the success of a dental health project provided for Maori communities along the Wanganui River by the Royal New Zealand Dental Corps, the people of Ratana Pa, 20 km south of Wanganui, requested a similar service. Funding for a pilot project was provided by the Central Regional Health Authority through Good Health Wanganui. The project was a joint venture between the Health Committee of Ratana Pa and Dental Health of Good Health Wanganui. The dental health of the people at Ratana Pa was generally poor, featuring a high rate of decay and serious periodontal disease. Severe halitosis was common. As a result of poor oral health, many patients, especially young women, were whakama, a state of embarrassment and shame that caused them to keep their teeth hidden. An increase in self-esteem and greater interest in dental health occurred after treatment. A second treatment phase began in March 1995. This community-driven Maori health initiative, in partnership with a Regional Health Authority, fulfils obligations under the Treaty of Waitangi.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Being Maori.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Culture↗