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J Brozek

Publications and source records attributed to J Brozek.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Contributions to the history of psychology: LXXXIII. J.E. Purkinje and Mathias Klotz: who first described "the phenomenon"?

In 1825 Purkinje described the effects of increasing ambient illumination at early dawn, beginning with darkness, on the perception of spectral colors. The blues were seen first. When reds became visible, they appeared less bright than the blues. The usually dependable Brockhaus Encyclopedia stated (1972) that the phenomenon was described in 1816 by Mathias Klotz and rediscovered ("erneut entdeckt") by Purkinje. As it turns out, Klotz correctly described the effects of low ambient illumination on the relative brightness but his report on visibility contradicts Purkinje's observations, amply confirmed by subsequent investigators and known, in fact, prior to Purkinje's report.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

Contributions to the history of psychology: LXXI. "Purkinje phenomenon": the genesis and the early uses of the term in French, German, and English.

In an earlier note (Brozek, 1989) regret was expressed that Zusne's valuable book Eponyms in Psychology (1987) did not provide information on persons who coined the eponyms as well as on the time and place in which they were introduced into the scientific literature. The present report provides such information for the term "Purkinje phenomenon." In French it was used by J. Macé de Lepinay and W. Nicati in 1882, in Germany by Ewald Hering in 1895, and in English by J. B. Haycraft in 1897.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

Psychological abstracts and German-language psychology.

The preparation of the present report was motivated by concern over the continuing reduction of the coverage of psychological materials published in German, and a complete cessation of the coverage in Psychological Abstracts (PA) in 1988. This report covers the following points: (1) The share of German Psychologists in the prehistory of PA; (2) Membership in the editorial board of PA; (3) Cessation of the coverage of books in PA; (4) German-language materials abstracted in PA; and (5) German-language materials in the database of the American Psychological Association in the years 1987-1989. Two addenda inform about citation of (6) German-language publications in early American journals and (7) the changing role of the German Journal of Psychology.

Germany↗
PubMed1977

Contemporary historiography of psychology: Italy.

In the context of a world-wide coverage of contemporary historiography of psychology, a descriptive account is presented of major recent events and of publications, grouped into five categories: original works, new editions, editions of the classics of science, readings, and translations. The younger generation tends to combine historical analysis with critical assessment (studio storico-critico), taking into account significance for psychological theory and implications for human affairs.

Historiography↗
PubMed1977

Longitudinal studies on the effects of malnutrition, nutritional supplementation, and behavioral stimulation.

Six major Western Hemisphere longitudinal studies of malnutrition and development are in their final stages. These studies are taking place in Columbia, Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States. As a step toward synthesis of the results, a conference was held at Cali, Colombia, with the aim of clarifying differences and similarities. The following features of each study were considered: The starting and completion dates; the research design (including scheduled periods of observation and the presence or absence of nutritional supplements and/or stimulation); the populations involved, their home diets, and the specific supplements and stimulation received; procedures and measurements used in the study; and any general conclusions reached. The conference also identified opportunities and needs for exchange of information between projects and for a collaborative approach to such specific problems and topics as birth-weight, physical growth, and behavioral development.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of generalized malnutrition on personality.

Anecdotal reports of changes in behavior under conditions of severe, protracted food deficits are of ancient lineage, whereas the psychometric investigations of the 20th century have been concerned primarily with the impairment of intellectual functioning in children who suffer or have suffered from protein-energy malnutrition. The present overview begins with the account of systematic observations of the behavioral effects of grossly inadequate food intake in World War II camps for prisoners of war and under conditions of epidemic starvation. The presentation is centered on quantitative assessments of personality-related aspects of behavior in a variety of contexts. The studies include laboratory investigations on the effects of severe food restriction in young men; examination of the differences between undernourished and well-nourished infants; assessment of the effects of the differences in the level of energy supplements during gestation, infancy, and early preschool years on social-emotional behavior in the early school years; and an investigation of long-term sequelae of clinical protein-energy malnutrition experienced in infancy.

Adolescent↗