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Biomedical subjects

J C Brand

Publications and source records attributed to J C Brand.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Lower postprandial plasma glucose and insulin after addition of Acacia coriacea flour to wheat bread.

Many Australian Aboriginal bushfoods contain slowly digested carbohydrate which elicit low postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses compared to Western foods, such as wheat bread. This study has shown that incorporation of flour made from a slowly digested seed, Acacia coriacea, into wheat bread (18 g/82 g wheat flour) significantly reduces the initial rise in plasma glucose levels (p less than 0.05) and the area under the plasma glucose curve (p less than 0.005) in six healthy subjects. Insulin values were also lowered at 60 minutes (p less than 0.025) and 90 minutes (p less than 0.05). Our findings suggest that Acacia flour, when used to dilute wheat flour in the manufacture of breads, produces a very palatable food which could be useful in the diets of diabetic individuals.

Acacia↗
PubMed1986

Lactase deficiency in Australian school children.

The prevalence of lactase deficiency is high in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Asian countries, which suggests that many immigrants and immigrant children from these regions may be unable to produce lactase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in primary school-aged children, in two communities with a high proportion of immigrants in metropolitan Sydney. A total of 109 children, aged five to 12 years, were studied by means of the breath hydrogen method. Forty per cent (44/109) showed lactose malabsorption, as defined by a rise in end-expiratory hydrogen levels of 20 ppm or more, two hours after loading with lactose. The prevalence was highest in the subjects of Asian origin (93%; 14/15), followed by Greek subjects (56%; 14/25) and subjects from other Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries (41%; 15/37). Of the 77 children who were available for follow-up, 57% (44) reported symptoms of lactose intolerance, of whom nearly two-thirds were children who showed lactose malabsorption. The high prevalence of lactase deficiency in children at both schools underlines the need to consider the multiracial identity of Australians in planning educational programmes about nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Salt and the glycaemic response.

The possibility that salt increases plasma glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods was investigated. Six healthy adults took four morning test meals randomly: 50 g carbohydrate as cooked lentils or white bread, with or without 4.25 g of added salt (an amount within the range of salt found in a meal). When salt was added to the lentils the incremental area under the three hour plasma glucose curve was significantly greater than that for lentils alone (43.2 mmol.min/l v 11.1 mmol.min/l (778 mg.min/100 ml v 200 mg.min/100 ml]. When salt was added to bread the peak glucose concentration was significantly higher than that for unsalted bread (6.96 mmol/l v 6.35 mmol/l (125 mg/100 ml v 114 mg/100 ml], and this was followed by relative hypoglycaemia. Plasma insulin concentrations at 45 minutes were higher after a meal of salted lentils and salted bread than after the unsalted foods (p less than 0.05). The high insulin concentration after salted bread was sustained for one hour after the meal, thus the mean area under the three hour curve was 39% greater than that for unsalted bread (p less than 0.05). Salt may increase the postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses to lentils and bread by accelerating the digestion of starch by stimulating amylase activity or accelerating small intestinal absorption of the liberated glucose, or both. The findings of this preliminary study, if confirmed by others, would support the recommendation that diabetics, as well as the general population, should reduce their intake of salt.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The glycaemic index of foods.

The glycaemic index is a measure of the extent to which the carbohydrate in a food can raise the blood glucose concentration and helps to identify foods which may be beneficial to a diabetic patient. This paper reviews the results that have been obtained so far with the glycaemic index approach, the factors that affect the glycaemic response, the problems that are associated with its measurement and its value in planning diabetic diets. Individual variation and variation among individuals in glycaemic responses are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lactose malabsorption in Australian Aboriginal children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in healthy full-blood Australian Aboriginal children. Sixty-three Aboriginal subjects and forty-six non-Aboriginal controls ranging in age from six to 14 years were tested using the breath hydrogen method. Seventy percent of the Aboriginal subjects were found to be lactose malabsorbers and 9% of the controls. The results provide strong evidence that the majority of full-blood Aboriginal children are lactose malabsorbers and that the characteristic is well-established by 6-7 years of age, in common with most other non-Western populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Food processing and the glycemic index.

The purpose of the study was to compare the in vitro starch digestibility and postprandial blood glucose response of conventionally-cooked versus factory-processed foods. Carbohydrate portions of three unprocessed foods (boiled rice, sweet corn, and potato) and six processed foods (instant rice, Rice Bubbles, corn chips, Cornflakes, instant potato, and potato crisps) were incubated for 3 h with human saliva and porcine pancreatin. The proportion of starch digested was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) for the processed forms of rice, corn, and potato compared with the respective conventionally cooked foods. In six healthy volunteers who ingested 50 g carbohydrate portions of the above foods the processed foods produced a higher glycemic index (p less than 0.05) in all but one instance. The exception was potato crisps which gave a similar glycemic response to boiled potato.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Dietary patterns of elderly people living in inner Sydney.

The dietary intakes of an elderly non-institutionalized population in inner metropolitan Sydney were collected and analysed. Participants in the study (n = 124) had their midday meal at either an Activity Centre or at home (Meals-on-Wheels Organization). The dietary data was collected over 4 days. Heights and weights and some sociological data were also obtained. The study indicated that a significant proportion of this population may be at nutritional risk, and that this was particularly so for males receiving Meals-on-Wheels.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Lactose malabsorption in Australian Aborigines.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of lactose malabsorption in healthy, adult Australian Aborigines. Malabsorption of lactose was measured in 45 full-blood Aboriginal subjects and 37 non-Aboriginal, multiracial controls using the breath hydrogen method. Eighty-four percent of the Aboriginal subjects were found to be lactose malabsorbers and 64% developed abdominal pain or diarrhea. In the control subjects, 20% were found to be lactose malabsorbers and all of these developed symptoms of diarrhea. The results provide strong evidence that Australian Aborigines, in common with most human adults, are lactase deficient.

Australia↗
PubMed1977

A trial of lactose hydrolysed milk in Australian Aboriginal children.

Weight gains in 50 young Australian Aboriginal children were studied in a blind controlled hospital trial of reconstituted, lactose hydrolysed milk powder (test) and full-cream milk powder (control). The mean weight gains (+/- SEM) were 4.80 +/- 0.80 g kg-1 day-1 for children receiving the lactose hydrolysed milk, and 2.20 +/- 0.75 g kg-1 day-1 for those receiving the normal milk P less than 0.0125). Weight gain of infants (that is, those under one year of age) in the control group was less than 10% of that in the test group (P less than 0.0025). Weight gain was higher in children fed hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage of Standard Weight for Age or the presence or absence of recognizable symptoms of lactose intolerance. Lactose malabsorption appears to be a major factor in the growth retardation of Aboriginal children. It is recommended that lactose hydrolysed milk replace normal milk in the supplementary feeding of Aboriginal infants and children.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a geographic lateral bone bruise on knee inflammation after acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

We prospectively evaluated 40 patients who had knee inflammation after isolated anterior cruciate ligament rupture with or without an associated "geographic" bone bruise/subchondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle. All patients with acute ruptures documented by magnetic resonance imaging within 1 week of injury were evaluated for a geographic bone bruise/subchondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle. Two groups of 20 patients each (bone bruise versus no bone bruise) were then enrolled. Variables measured at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after injury included pain, range of motion, effusion, and number of days with an antalgic gait. Patients with a bone bruise had increased size and duration of effusion, increased number of days required to nonantalgic gait without external aids, increased days to achieve normal range of motion, and increased pain scores at measured time intervals. This study confirms results of previous clinical and histologic studies showing an associated articular cartilage lesion, otherwise known as bone bruise/subchondral fracture, is clinically significant. There appears to be an association between a geographic bone bruise and increased disability in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Patients with a geographic bone bruise may require longer to reach normal homeostasis (range of motion, pain, neuromuscular control) before undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interference screw fixation strength of a quadrupled hamstring tendon graft is directly related to bone mineral density and insertion torque.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone mineral density of the host bone, measured using conventional dual photon absorptiometry techniques, and insertion torque can predict part of the ultimate failure strength of interference screw fixation of quadrupled hamstring tendon grafts. The semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were harvested from 10 human cadaveric knees, mean age 66.5 years (range, 53 to 81). The bone tunnel was sized within 0.5 mm of the graft. The graft was fixed with a biodegradable screw (7 x 25 mm for the femur, and 9 x 25 mm for the tibia) directly against the tendon and at the joint surfaces. Tibial fixation and femoral fixation were tested to failure using a materials testing system. Bone mineral density was measured in the metaphyseal region of the tibia and femur. The results of multiple regression analyses showed that both insertion torque and bone mineral density were related to the maximum load the graft withstood. These two variables explained 77.1% of the maximum load observed. We concluded that bone mineral density measurements of the host bone site are an important determinant of postoperative graft strength and thus have an important, but previously unrecognized, clinical role in establishing individual postsurgery rehabilitation protocols. Insertion torque in this study was a useful predictor of graft fixation strength.

Aged↗