Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J C Chaumeil.
The hamster flank organ model was used to measure the effects of clofibric acid on the in vitro uptake of sodium [1-14C] acetate into lipids. Clofibric acid produces a dose-dependent inhibition of lipogenesis in the hamster flank organ in vitro.
OBJECTIVE: Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has been reported to increase gastric emptying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous erythromycin (150 mg/h) on gastric emptying, small intestinal transit time, gastric and biliopancreatic secretions during gastric infusion of a liquid diet in healthy volunteers. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind crossover study (erythromycin versus placebo). METHODS: Gastric emptying rates of nutrients, gastric acid secretion, gastric pH, jejunal flow rates, as well as biliopancreatic secretions and duodeno-caecal transit time, were evaluated during a continuous infusion at 4.5 kcal/min of a nutrient solution (1 kcal/ml) in the antrum, over a 6 h period, by a perfusion method. RESULTS: During the 6 h period, total gastric volume and gastric acid secretion decreased during erythromycin administration of 37 and 22%, respectively (area under the curves). Lipase outputs were significantly higher with erythromycin than placebo. Bile salt output was not significantly different between erythromycin and placebo. Duodeno-caecal transit time increased significantly during erythromycin infusion compared with placebo (191 +/- 12 versus 159 +/- 17 min; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: During continuous gastric infusion of a liquid diet, intravenous erythromycin has a powerful effect on gastrointestinal function. The motor and secretory effects may enhance the tolerance and the efficiency of enteral nutrition in humans.
The physical characteristics of ophthalmic preparations based on vegetable oils destined for hot climates was studied in part by determining their rheological properties and also by measuring their extensibility. The results obtained showed that the thixotropy of the formulations studied was a favorable property which would permit their uniform application to the surface of the eye.
In this work a study of free cellulose acetate films was carried out in the presence and absence of acacia gum at high concentrations (50 and 75%). The mechanical toughness and the aspect were influenced by operatory conditions and by the relative air humidity. The increase of relative humidity from about 0% to 75% decreased the mechanical toughness and the color film changed from a clear to opaque white. The presence of acacia gum decreased the mechanical toughness and the water vapour transmission rate and increased the film water solubility.
Nowadays the UW solution is usually used in liver transplantation for graft preservation. The importance of each of its components has not been fully resolved. The omission of some of the components does not result in poor hepatic function. The aim of this controlled study was to assess the early graft function (ALAT, factor V and total bilirubin at days 1, 2, 3 and 6) after use of the UW solution and SLF Cochin. SLF Cochin is a modified UW solution without hydroxyethyl starch, adenosine, penicillin, dexamethazone and allopurinol. No significant difference was observed in the early graft function between the two solutions for a cold ischemia time below 15 hours. Considering the qualities of the SLF Cochin and its three fold lower cost, it is concluded that the use of the SLF Cochin solution is justified for liver transplantation in which foreseeable cold ischemia time is less than 15 hours.
Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of morphine ocularly applied is reported in rabbits before and after lacrimal canaliculi ligature. Our investigations are based on a sensitive reversed-phase ion-pair chromatographic determination of morphine. This study describes the various resorption sites of morphine when administered through the conjunctiva. After ocular administration, morphine rapidly reaches high blood levels compatible with pharmacological activity. Ocular bioavailability of morphine is higher than after non-parenteral routes. Canaliculi ligature modifies the morphine pharmacokinetic profile without significant modification of drug bioavailability. Our results suggest a great capacity of drug resorption for the conjunctiva, and indicate the major role of nasal mucosa in physiological conditions.
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Plasma selenium levels (p Se) as well as glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma (p GPx) and in erythrocytes (e GPx) were measured in 39 haemodialysis patients. Glutathione peroxidase is a selenium-dependent enzyme which protects cells against oxidation. The mean level values obtained were significantly lower in patients than in controls: p Se: 38 +/- 14 versus 88 +/- 17 micrograms/l; p GPx: 15 +/- 32 versus 334 +/- 41 IU/l; e GPx: 19 +/- 4 versus 26 +/- 4 IU/g Hb. These values were found to correlate significantly with the duration of dialysis and with the type of membrane utilized. The total muscular mass was significantly smaller in patients with the lowest p Se or p GPx values. At echocardiography, septal hypertrophy correlated with both p Se and p GPx. Twenty patients were supplemented with sodium selenite administered orally at the end of each haemodialysis session during 6 months. After this period, muscular mass and septal hypertrophy were decreased and the echocardiographic contractility parameters were improved, albeit not significantly.
This paper describes the protein binding of cefazolin to human serum and to human serum albumin (HSA) using equilibrium dialysis. The drug is exclusively bound to HSA with a moderate affinity, Ka = 16,600 +/- 1600 M-1, and one saturable binding site, n = 0.73 +/- 0.02. Moreover cefazolin shows a dose-dependent binding leading a possible increase of the free fraction (when its total concentration increases). This antibiotic is displaced by free fatty acids (FFA) and bilirubin. Cefazolin binding to human serum and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied in presence of acidic drugs. At low concentrations clofibric acid and phenylbutazone both exhibiting high affinity for HSA displace strongly cefazolin. Valproic and salicylic acids, sulfamethoxazole, cefoperazone which have approximately the same affinity as cefazolin, must be used at higher concentrations to displace this antibiotic. A particular phenomenon was observed with cefazolin on HSA when associated with furosemide. A low concentration (5-25 microM) of this drug induces a positive cooperativity of binding between cefazolin and HSA. But at a molar ratio of furosemide to albumin greater than one, such cooperative interaction disappears and a competitive inhibition of cefazolin binding occurs. For all drugs studied, a competitive inhibition was found except for tryptophan. Finally, it is concluded that cefazolin shares the warfarin binding site on HSA.
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