Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J C Crumbaugh.
This study evaluates the results of group logoanalysis with selected hospitalized alcoholics using the Purpose in Life (PIL) Test as a before-and-after measure of therapeutic outcome in comparison with controls. Results suggest that closed-end logoanalysis groups are superior to open-end groups, and that both are superior to controls in improving the patient's sense of meaning and purpose in life as measured by the PIL.
A new attitude scale to measure the strength of motivation to find meaning in life is herein developed to complement the Purpose in Life Test (PIL), which measures the degree to which meaning has been found. Both instruments were designed from the orientation of Frankl's logotherapy, which holds the "will to meaning" to be the strongest human motivation. Ss were: Group 1 "abnormal," 128 logotherapy patients, 20 methadone patients, 262 alcoholics; Group 2 "normal," 19 seminary students, 64 mixed college students, 123 female college freshmen. (Subgroup fractionations were studied independently.) Results support a predicted moderate negative correlation with the PIL and statistically significant construct validity in separating normal from abnormal populations. PIL-SONG combinations in the prediction of therapeutic outcome support the usefulness of the SONG as a supplementary instrument. The predicted differences are small, but in the expected direction.
Vestewig, Santee, and Moss have interpreted their 1976 study of graphoanalysis as wholly offensive to the validity of this system of personality assessment. But re-examination of their data reveals that some findings actually support the validity of graphoanalysis in spite of the fact that their methodology stacked the cards against the handwriting experts. Suggestions are made as to how this study could have been made comparable to those studies which show validity of handwriting analysis by the "global" or "holistic" method, and it is noted that under these conditions the results might have been quite different.
Graphoanalysis is the most systematically developed and best researched of all methods of handwriting analysis (genetically called graphology). This is a projective expressive movement that is neither better nor more poorly validated than most projective techniques as a means of personality assessment, which is inadequate because their subjectivity makes statistical study difficult. With all projective techniques "sign" or trait validation has been minimal, and the best validation has come from "global" or "holistic" methods. The present study presents a paradigm for the latter type of approach to handwriting analysis, using a matching technique with probabilities of 1/5, wherein five subjects were matched by people who knew them to one of five blind Graphoanalyses of the subjects' writing. This design is herein replicated five times, with total data significantly different from chance expectation (p less than .001), supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to evaluate personality through analysis of handwriting.
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