PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J C Galland

Publications and source records attributed to J C Galland.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Prevalence of Salmonella spp in cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp in the cecal-colon contents of cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter because of potential public health ramifications. DESIGN: Survey study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cecal-colon contents collected from 5,087 cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter at 5 slaughter establishments across the United States. PROCEDURE: During 2 periods of the year, winter (January and February) and summer (July through September), 5 cull (market) cow slaughter establishments in the United States--west (WE), southeast (SEE), central (CE), north central (NCE), and south central (SCE)--establishments were visited, and cecal-colon contents of cull dairy cows were obtained at the time of slaughter. Samples were examined by microbiologic culture at a single laboratory for Salmonella spp. RESULTS: Salmonella spp were detected in 23.1% of cecal-colon content samples from cull dairy cows across the 5 slaughter establishments. The highest site prevalence (54.5%) was detected at the WE during the summer period, whereas the lowest was found at the CE during the summer (4.3%) and at the NCE during the winter (4.5%). Considerable variation in the daily prevalence of Salmonella spp was found, particularly at the WE and the SCE. Salmonella spp were isolated from 93% of cecal-colon contents collected on a summer day at the WE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results strongly suggest that there is a high prevalence of Salmonella spp in cull dairy cows at slaughter, which could burden Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point programs implemented in slaughter establishments. Procedures to reduce Salmonella load at the dairy farm and during transport to slaughter could reduce the risk of spread during the slaughter process.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Diversity of Salmonella serotypes in cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diversity of Salmonella serotypes isolated from a large population of cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Salmonella organisms isolated from the cecal-colon contents of 5,087 market dairy cows. PROCEDURE: During winter and summer 1996, cecal-colon contents of cull dairy cows at slaughter were obtained from 5 US slaughter establishments. Specimens were subjected to microbiologic culturing for Salmonella spp at 1 laboratory. Identified isolates were compared with Salmonella isolation lists published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) for approximately the same period. The Simpson diversity index was used to calculate the likelihood that Salmonella isolates selected randomly by establishment were different. RESULTS: Of 58 Salmonella serotypes identified, Salmonella ser. Montevideo was the most prevalent. Two of the top 10 CDC serotypes identified from in 1996, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and S Montevideo, appeared on our top 10 list; 8 of the top 10 were found on NVSL listings. Thirty-one of 59 S. Typhimurium isolates were identified as DT104 and found at a west slaughter establishment, 30 during the winter and 1 during the summer. The greatest diversity of serotypes was at a southeast establishment during the summer; the least diversity was at a central establishment in the winter. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 58 Salmonella serotypes were isolated from market dairy cows at slaughter and could pose a threat for food-borne illness. Salmonella Montevideo was the most frequently isolated serotype and may contribute substantially to salmonellosis in dairy cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Efficient metallo-ene reactions in organoaqueous phase.

[reaction: see text] The easily prepared catalyst systems PdCl(2), RhCl(2)(COD)(2), NiCl(2).6H(2)O, or Ni(COD)(2)/TPPTS have been found to form a C-C bond in organoaqueous medium. Intramolecular metallo-ene reactions have been efficiently realized. Metal selectivity has been discovered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from a longitudinal study of beef cattle feedlots.

Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and genetic diversity were determined for Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated over 11 months from four beef cattle feedlots in southwest Kansas. From the fecal pat (17,050) and environmental (7,134) samples collected, 57 isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were identified by use of bacterial culture and latex agglutination (C/LA). PCR showed that 26 isolates were eaeA gene positive. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified in at least one of the four feedlots in 14 of the 16 collections by C/LA and in 9 of 16 collections by PCR, but consecutive positive collections at a single feedlot were rare. Overall prevalence in fecal pat samples was low (0.26% by C/LA, and 0.08% by PCR). No detectable differences in prevalence or antibiotic resistance were found between isolates collected from home pens and those from hospital pens, where antibiotic use is high. Resistant isolates were found for six of the eight antibiotics that could be used to treat E. coli infections in food animals, but few isolates were multidrug resistant. The high diversity of isolates as measured by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and other characteristics indicates that the majority of isolates were unique and did not persist at a feedlot, but probably originated from incoming cattle. The most surprising finding was the low frequency of virulence markers among E. coli isolates identified initially by C/LA as E. coli O157:H7. These results demonstrate that better ways of screening and confirming E. coli O157:H7 isolates are required for accurate determination of prevalence.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Usefulness of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for Shiga-like toxins I and II as a presumptive test for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feces.

The performance of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for determining the presence of Shiga toxin I and II in human diarrheal stool samples was evaluated for use as a presumptive test for the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nondiarrheal bovine fecal samples collected from 10 Kansas cow-calf ranches. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in 2,297 samples, as determined by selective bacterial culture, was 1.6%. The sample prevalence of non-E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing bacteria, as detected by the Shiga toxin EIA, was 5.8%. Only 2 of 136 samples that tested positive with the Shiga toxin EIA were positive for E. coli O157:H7 by culture. Compared with bacterial culture, the sensitivity of the Shiga toxin EIA was 5.5% and the specificity was 94.1%. Agreement between the 2 tests, as measured by the kappa statistic, was poor (kappa = -0.002). Although the Shiga toxin EIA was not a good presumptive test for the determination of E. coli O157:H7 in bovine fecal samples because of its low sensitivity (5.5%), it might be a useful test for the detection of Shiga toxin producing non-E. coli O157:H7 organisms in bovine feces.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of Salmonella in beef feeder steers as determined by bacterial culture and ELISA serology.

Results are presented for monitoring Salmonella infection by bacteriological culture and immune response (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haptoglobin) testing of samples collected from beef cattle at a single feedyard sampled over time. A total of 120 beef steers were examined on entry to the feedyard and at days 30, 60, and at time of slaughter (120-150 days). Isolations of Salmonella decreased over time from 40% of the steers sampled at day 0 to 0% at slaughter, whereas serological results varied by serogroup. Seropositivity increased for Salmonella group B up to day 60, and subsequently decreased to about half of the 60-day positivity rate at the time of slaughter. No significant changes in seropositivity were detected during the course of the study for the four other Salmonella serogroups (C1, C3, D1, and E1). Haptoglobin measurements were not a good indicator of Salmonella infection status. Sequential Salmonella testing either by culture, ELISA, or both could be used to monitor pathogen control practices.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Restriction-site-specific PCR as a rapid test to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in environmental samples.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is an important food-borne pathogen in industrialized countries. We developed a rapid and simple test for detecting E. coli O157:H7 using a method based on restriction site polymorphisms. Restriction-site-specific PCR (RSS-PCR) involves the amplification of DNA fragments using primers based on specific restriction enzyme recognition sequences, without the use of endonucleases, to generate a set of amplicons that yield "fingerprint" patterns when resolved electrophoretically on an agarose gel. The method was evaluated in a blinded study of E. coli isolates obtained from environmental samples collected at beef cattle feedyards. The 54 isolates were all initially identified by a commonly used polyclonal antibody test as belonging to O157:H7 serotype. They were retested by anti-O157 and anti-H7 monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RSS-PCR method identified all 28 isolates that were shown to be E. coli O157:H7 by the monoclonal antibody ELISA as belonging to the O157:H7 serotype. Of the remaining 26 ELISA-confirmed non-O157:H7 strains, the method classified 25 strains as non-O157:H7. The specificity of the RSS-PCR results correlated better with the monoclonal antibody ELISA than with the polyclonal antibody latex agglutination tests. The RSS-PCR method may be a useful test to distinguish E. coli O157:H7 from a large number of E. coli isolates from environmental samples.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Results of a longitudinal study of the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cow-calf farms.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and distribution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the feces and environment of cow-calf herds housed on pasture. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal and water samples for 10 cow-calf farms in Kansas. PROCEDURE: Fecal and water samples were obtained monthly throughout a 1-year period (3,152 fecal samples from 2,058 cattle; 199 water samples). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fecal and water samples was determined, using microbial culture. RESULTS: Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in 40 of 3,152 (1.3%) fecal samples, and 40 of 2,058 (1.9%) cattle had > or = 1 sample with E coli. Fecal shedding by specific cattle was transient; none of the cattle had E coli in more than 1 sample. Significant differences were not detected in overall prevalence among farms. However, significant differences were detected in prevalence among sample collection dates. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in 3 of 199 (1.5%) water samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Implementing control strategies for E coli O157:H7 at all levels of the cattle industry will decrease the risk of this organism entering the human food chain. Devising effective on-farm strategies to control E coli O157:H7 in cow-calf herds will require an understanding of the epidemiologic characteristics of this pathogen.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Use of infrared thermography to detect inflammation caused by contaminated growth promotant ear implants in cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the infrared thermographic appearance of bovine ears that had received contaminated growth promotant implants with ears that had received clean implants and ears without implants. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 32 yearling crossbred beef steers with a mean weight of 322 kg (708 lbs). PROCEDURE: Contaminated (n = 16) and clean (16) implants were placed in the ears of feedlot cattle. Nonimplanted (n = 32) ears served as a within-animal control for thermographic comparisons. Images of rostral and caudal surfaces were obtained during a 21-day period, using an infrared thermal imaging radiometer. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between mean temperature in a zone on the rostral surface of the ear and at 3 locations (proximal, middle, distal) on the caudal surface of the ear (response variables) with treatment (ears with contaminated implants or clean implants vs control ears with no implants), time (repeated day of measurement), and interactions among these variables. RESULTS: Significant temperature differences existed between ears with contaminated implants and control ears. Temperatures for ears with clean implants were significantly higher than control ears on day 2. At low ambient temperatures when the ears became wet, a greater temperature contrast was detected between ears with contaminated implants and control ears. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thermal imaging of the ears of feedlot cattle is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that can be used to identify cattle with abscesses caused by contaminated growth-promotant implants.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Risks and prevention of contamination of beef carcasses during the slaughter process in the United States of America.

A brief general description of the beef cattle slaughter process used in the United States of America is presented. Considerable variation in prevalence of microbial contamination at beef processing establishments has been reported. Primary factors which may explain this variation include: a) pathogen load on, or in, live animals entering the establishment; b) sanitation practices used by the establishment. Pathogen load on, or in, live animals depends on environmental exposure to contaminants, the health of the animal, and on situations stressful to the animal which may increase microbial shedding, such as disrupted access to feed and water, transport, handling and contact with other animals. Processing stations and slaughter practices which are potential sources of carcass contamination are listed, and points on carcasses where contamination is most likely to occur are noted. Contamination risk-reduction measures within an establishment include carcass treatments with anti-microbial agents, trimming, washing, steaming, chilling and gamma irradiation. Several good sanitation practices are described. Microbial monitoring is a necessary step for determining whether sanitation practices are efficacious, but the usefulness of microbial monitoring depends on the microbial tests selected, sampling procedures, frequency of sampling, the rapidity of receiving test results and consistent and accurate record-keeping and analysis. Federal inspection to ensure that processing establishments comply with new Federal regulations regarding the implementation of standard sanitation procedures and microbial testing should result in greater vigilance of good sanitation practices by establishments.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1995

Detection of Salmonella typhimurium from rectal swabs of experimentally infected beagles by short cultivation and PCR-hybridization.

A rapid and sensitive cultivation and PCR-hybridization procedure for the detection and identification of Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated over a 42-day period with eight experimentally infected beagles. Rectal swabs were taken at several times postinfection, inoculated into selenite-cystine broth, and plated onto Hektoen-Enteric Enteric agar immediately after incubation for 4 and 24 h. PCRs and hybridizations were also conducted with each sample, and the results were compared with those of standard culture techniques to evaluate the efficiency of the PCR-hybridization procedure. The PCR-hybridization procedure was more sensitive than standard culture techniques at each enrichment incubation (P < 0.05). In addition, the PCR-hybridization procedure was significantly better than culture up through 3 days postinfection (P < 0.05). A nonspecific amplified product, relatively close in size to the 457-bp specifically amplified product, did not hybridize to an internal oligonucleotide probe or to a random-primed labeled probe. Subsequent sequence information revealed that the product had very little similarity to the 457-bp product but had significant similarity to an Escherichia coli aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. This study indicated that a cultivation and PCR-hybridization procedure is significantly better than culture for the identification of S. typhimurium. Additionally, the results confirm the importance of determining specificities of PCR products beyond the gel electrophoresis level by hybridization with a specific probe.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Bovine ketosis and somatotrophin: risk factors for ketosis and effects of ketosis on health and production.

Aspects of the metabolism and health of 63 cows which had been treated with different amounts of bovine somatotrophin (BST) daily in the preceding lactation and 25 control cows were studied. The aims of the study were first, to identify cows with ketotic conditions, either by measurements of blood metabolite concentrations or by clinical observations, secondly, to evaluate the risk of such conditions in cows treated with BST in the preceding lactation, and thirdly, to examine the metabolic and production consequences of the ketotic conditions in an environment in which the cows' health, body condition and nutrition were closely observed. The cows were categorised objectively by the use of cluster analysis into non-ketotic cows and ketonaemic cows, on the basis of their plasma metabolite concentrations. Twelve of the control cows and none of the cows previously treated with BST were classified as ketonaemic. Similarly, nine of the control cows but only two of the cows previously treated with BST had clinical ketosis. Some, but not all, of the decrease in the risk of clinical ketosis was attributable to the lower body condition score of the cows previously treated with BST. The clinically ketotic cows had a greater risk of other illness in the first 10 days post partum than their herdmates, but the ketonaemic cows had a significantly lower risk of other disease in the first 10 days post partum. The ketonaemic control cows were significantly heavier than the non-ketotic control cows, but they maintained a higher dry matter intake than the latter cows, probably a key factor in reducing the risk of clinical ketosis.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1992

Time series cross-correlation analysis of postparturient relationships among serum metabolites and yield variables in Holstein cows.

Time series cross-correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, FFA, cholesterol, milk yield, DMI, and estimated net energy balance for 42 d postpartum for 14 multiparous cows. Milk yield was positively associated with beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations on the same day, and milk yield was a primary determinant of metabolic change. Dry matter intake was negatively correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations 3 d later and on the same day. The data supported in vitro studies showing that FFA are positively associated with beta-hydroxybutyrate production, showed that glucose concentrations are negatively cross-correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and found that estimated net energy balance is negatively cross-correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrate. Analyses suggested that serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with increased milk yield; analyses also suggested that elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were associated with decreases in milk yield 6 d later. beta-Hydroxybutyrate and FFA concentrations 3 to 9 d before parturition were positively related to cholesterol concentrations, and relationships were positive between estimated net energy balance and cholesterol, suggesting that cholesterol concentrations increased as precursors for cholesterol synthesis were available. Time series cross-correlation analysis was a useful tool in examining relationships among variables when repeated samples were obtained from the same individuals.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1992

Impact of bovine somatotropin administration beginning at day 70 of lactation on serum metabolites, milk constituents, and production in cows previously exposed to exogenous somatotropin.

Metabolic and production responses are reported for 72 cows treated with bovine somatotropin (BST) for 30 days starting at day 70 of lactation. Of these 72 cows, 48 had been exposed in the preceding lactation to long-term treatment with BST at 3 dosages and 24 (controls) had not been given BST. Approximately half of the cows in each group were parity-2 cows, the rest were older. Comparisons between groups were made separately for parity-2, and older cows. Analyses, using pretreatment values of each variable as a covariate, indicated that older cows, but not parity-2 cows, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased milk production during treatment. Parity-2 cows, however, had a significantly higher milk fat percentage than controls following treatment. Cows treated with 51.6 or 86 mg BST/d in both parity groups had significantly higher serum-free fatty acids than controls. Estimated net energy balances were significantly lower for older treated cows, but did not significantly differ from controls for parity-2 treated cows. Older cows in the 86 mg of BST/d group tended to have higher concentrations of blood glucose than did older control-group cows. Treatment with BST did not significantly increase serum ketone concentrations in any group of animals, and none of the cows developed clinical ketosis during this period. Estimated net energy balance (ENEB) during treatment was a significant (P less than 0.05) covariate for free fatty acid concentrations in older cows and for milk fat percentage in parity-2 cows. Covariate adjusted analyses, using ENEB during treatment as a covariate, indicated that lipolytic stimuli already acting may be enhanced by treatment with BST, but a negative energy balance was not a necessary precondition for free fatty acid concentrations to increase following somatotropin treatment. Similarly, milk fat percentages for parity-2 treated cows were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher during treatment than controls when ENEB during treatment was used as a covariate. Increased milk fat concentrations in parity-2 treated cows were not associated with significant increases in the ratio of C18:C4-10 milk fatty acids, indicating that increased milk fat resulted from either an increase in incorporation of C18 fatty acids into milk fat coupled with an increase in de novo mammary synthesis of C4-10 milk fatty acids or an increase in C12-16 fatty acids that may arise either from increased tissue mobilization, from diet, or from de novo mammary synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Postparturient metabolic and production responses in cows previously exposed to long-term treatment with somatotropin.

Postparturient metabolic and production responses were studied for 85 multiparous cows consisting of controls and animals that had been previously exposed to long-term treatment with bST. Older cows previously exposed to bST at high doses (51.6 mg/d) had lower milk yields than controls. However, there were no significant differences compared with controls in milk yield for lower dose (17.2 mg/d) older cows or parity 2 cow groups. The bST-treated groups had higher postpartum DMI, lower serum FFA, lower serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, and higher serum glucose than controls. Some bST-exposed groups had lower milk fat but higher milk protein levels. All bST-treated groups had significantly lower ratios of C18 to C4 to 10 milk fatty acids. Control cows of both parity groups were in higher body condition and weighed more than bST-treated cows prior to calving. The differences in postpartum metabolism may be attributed to differences in body composition resulting from bST treatment in the prior lactation, because use of body condition score prior to calving as a covariate did not substantially alter responses. The control cows probably had greater reserves of mobilizable lipid. These contentions are supported by changes in milk composition for bST-treated cows, which were consistent with animals of greater appetite, mobilizing less lipid. The bST-treated cows were probably more energetically efficient milk producers because they produced milk from feed rather than from mobilization of tissue stores. These data suggest that bST use in a prior lactation may have potential benefit in reducing risk of metabolic disorders associated with lipid mobilization in the postparturient period.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1989

Relationships between fertility, peak milk yields and lactational persistency in dairy cows.

Peak milk yield, lactational persistency and conception rates were studied using 5928 lactation records of high milk-producing cows at three California dairies. Log-linear analysis was used to study relationships between peak milk yield, lactational persistency, dairy of origin, lactation number and conception rates in 3850 completed lactations. Cows with peak milk yields greater than the median (38.2 kg milk per day) were less likely to have conceived in one or two breedings than cows with peak milk yields lower than or equal to the median. Cows with a higher than median (0.755) lactational persistency were less likely to have conceived in one or two breedings than cows with a lactational persistency lower than or equal to the median. Dairy of origin had a significant effect on the probability of conceiving in one or two breedings. Cows in the first lactation were more likely than those in subsequent lactations to conceive in one or two breedings. This retrospective study demonstrated that subfertility is associated with high peak lactational yields in high milk-producing California cows.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Identifying features, performance, and limitations of dairy ration formulation software: a comparison of three ration formulation programs.

A method for evaluating and selecting dairy ration formulation software for microcomputers is presented. Information obtained from a survey of practicing nutritionists and from interviews with computer programmers was used to identify users' needs, desired features, and patterns of use. A benchmark problem consisting of 15 activities frequently required in designing dairy rations was developed to evaluate ease of use, ease of learning, and software performance. Ease of use was measured by counting keystrokes and recording time required by a user familiar with these ration formulation programs to complete the benchmark problem. Ease of learning was measured as the amount of help and time needed by users unfamiliar with this software to complete the benchmark problem. Software performance was measured by speed of formulation, ration costs, ingredients and amounts selected, and nutrient content of rations. Evaluation of three commercially available software applications was made using the method developed.

Animal Feed↗