Primary leiomyoma of the liver. A case report and review of the literature.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
J C Peters
Publications and source records attributed to J C Peters.
Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans.
To study the influence of diet composition on regulation of body weight, we fed 21 weight-stable subjects (11 lean, 10 obese) high-carbohydrate (HC) and high-fat (HF) diets for 1 wk each. Although diet composition was fixed, total energy intake was unrestricted. Subjects had a higher energy intake on the HF (11,039 +/- 2700 kJ/d) than on the HC (10,672 +/- 2617 kJ/d) diet (P less than 0.05), but energy expenditure was not different between diets. On day 7 of the HC diet, carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly related to CHO intake with the slope of the regression line 0.99, suggesting that overall CHO balance was near zero. However, the slope of the regression line was greater for obese than for lean subjects. On day 7 of the HF diet, fat oxidation was significantly related to fat intake but the slope of the line was 0.50, suggesting that overall fat balance was positive. However, this relationship was due entirely to lean subjects, with obese subjects showing no relationship between fat intake and oxidation.
Adult↗
Short-term effects of dietary-fat ingestion on energy expenditure and nutrient balance.
Joule for joule, dietary fat may promote obesity more than protein or carbohydrate. In this study we determined whether the addition of 50 g dietary fat to a standard breakfast would increase energy expenditure or fat oxidation during the immediate 6-h postprandial period or over the ensuing 18 h. We also determined whether subjects with a high level of aerobic physical fitness would show a greater increase in fat oxidation after the ingestion of the extra fat than would less fit subjects. Adding fat did not increase fat oxidation or energy expenditure either during the immediate 6-h postprandial period or over the following 18 h. This was true regardless of the subject's fitness level. Acutely, dietary fat ingested in excess of its usual rate of oxidation appears to be stored in the body. Being physically fit does not appear to provide an advantage in avoiding short-term storage of excess dietary fat.
Adult↗
Effects of olestra, a noncaloric fat substitute, on daily energy and fat intakes in lean men.
Nutrient and energy intakes, hunger, and fullness were examined after the replacement of 36, 20, or 0 g fat in breakfast with olestra, a noncaloric fat substitute. Twenty-four lean, nondieting men (aged 21-30 y) participated in a placebo-controlled, three-condition crossover design. Self-selected, ad libitum intakes at lunch and dinner were monitored in the laboratory. Evening snacks and breakfast the next day were assessed through food diaries. Visual-analog-scale ratings including hunger and fullness were collected throughout the test days. Single-meal olestra substitution produced a significant dose-related reduction in the amount and percentage of energy from fat consumed daily with a reciprocal increase in carbohydrate intake. Daily energy intakes were not significantly different nor did ratings of hunger and fullness vary systematically between conditions. Consumption of olestra can reduce fat intake and increase carbohydrate intake without affecting total daily energy intake or usual patterns of hunger and fullness.
Adult↗
Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during 6 d of maintenance feeding with long-chain, medium-chain, and mixed-chain triglycerides.
This study assessed fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins and postprandial plasma lipids in healthy male subjects fed liquid-formula diets containing 40% of total energy as long-chain (LCT, primarily C18:1 and C18:2), medium-chain (MCT, C8:0-C10:0), or mixed-chain (structured lipid, STL, mostly C8:0, C10:0, and C22:0) triglycerides for 6 d. None of the diets altered plasma cholesterol concentrations. HDL cholesterol was decreased 14% by the STL diet (P < 0.044) and 15% by the MCT diet (P < 0.004) but was unchanged by the LCT diet. Plasma triglycerides were elevated 42% by the MCT diet (P < 0.006), but were unaltered by either the STL or LCT diets. Neither the STL nor the MCT diets produced changes in fasting lipoprotein lipid composition; however, during the LCT diet, VLDLs became enriched in triglyceride and LDLs became enriched in cholesterol. Postprandial triglyceridemia was significantly greater after subjects consumed the LCT diet than it was after they consumed either the STL or MCT diets, which were similar. Short-term feeding of MCT and STL diets produces significant changes in lipid metabolism. An understanding of the long-term effects of these diets awaits further study.
Adult↗
Skeletal muscle composition in dietary obesity-susceptible and dietary obesity-resistant rats.
The intent of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between susceptibility to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and skeletal muscle fiber type. Forty-four adult male Wistar rats were given ad libitum access to a HFD (60% of calories from fat) for 4 wk. Rats were then grouped into quartiles for total weight gain, and the top-quartile [obesity prone (OP)] rats were compared with the bottom-quartile [obesity resistant (OR)] rats. OP rats gained 1.5 times as much weight as OR rats. OR rats had a significantly higher proportion of type I muscle fibers in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle than OP rats both before (determined from a muscle biopsy) and after the HFD feeding period. A greater proportion of type I fibers may be associated with a greater capacity for fat oxidation, which would favor resistance to body fat accumulation. Preexisting differences in muscle fiber composition may play a role in determining susceptibility to dietary obesity.
Animals↗
Development of dietary obesity in rats: influence of amount and composition of dietary fat.
This study was conducted to examine long-term effects of amount and type of dietary fat on body weight and body composition. Adult male Wistar rats were fed high fat (HF; 60% of calories) or low fat (LF; 20% of calories) diets for 28 weeks. Half of the rats in each condition received diets with saturated fat (lard) (S) and the remainder received diets with polyunsaturated fat (corn oil) (U). From 28-39 weeks, HF rats were switched to LF diets (fat type remained constant). From 40-50 weeks, previously HF fed rats were weight-matched to rats in the LF fed groups. HF rats became fatter than LF rats during weeks 1-28 and remained heavier and fatter from weeks 28-39. During weeks 1-28, type of dietary fat had no effect on total body fat in either HF or LF rats, but during period 2 (weeks 28-39), U rats were heavier and fatter than S rats. There was some indication that U diets were associated with greater accumulation of fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots than S diets. From 40-50 weeks, rats previously fed the HF diet required less food to maintain their body weight than did LF diet rats. In summary, these results suggest that although both amount and type of dietary fat can affect body weight and body composition, the effects of the type of fat are less than those of amount of dietary fat.
Adipose Tissue↗
The variability of young children's energy intake.
BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the 1930s showed that, given nutritious choices, children can select an adequate diet without adult supervision. Paradoxically, children grew well and were healthy despite patterns of intake at individual meals that were unpredictable and highly variable. METHODS: To investigate in more detail the energy intake of young children, we measured 24-hour food intake for 15 children, from two to five years of age, on six days. For each of the six days of the study, coefficients of variation were calculated for each child for each of the six meals and snacks (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and morning, afternoon, and evening snacks) and for total daily energy intake. RESULTS: The children's intake at individual meals was highly variable, but total daily energy intake was relatively constant for each child. The mean coefficient of variation for each child's energy intake at individual meals was 33.6 percent; in contrast, the mean coefficient of variation for each child's total daily energy intake was 10.4 percent. In most cases, high energy intake at one meal was followed by low energy intake at the next meal, or vice versa. CONCLUSIONS: Although children's food consumption is highly variable from meal to meal, daily energy intake is relatively constant, because children adjust their energy intake at successive meals.
Child↗
Tryptophan nutrition and metabolism: an overview.
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Animals↗
Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of alterations in diet composition on energy expenditure and nutrient balance in humans. Eight adults (three men, five women) ate a high-carbohydrate (60% of calories from carbohydrate) and a high-fat (60% of calories from fat) diet for 7 d each according to a randomized, crossover design. Six subjects were studied for an additional week on a mixed diet (45% of calories from fat). For each subject, total caloric intake was identical on all diets and was intended to provide the subject's maintenance energy requirements. All subjects spent days 3 and 7 of each week in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Diet composition did not affect total daily energy expenditure but did affect daily nutrient oxidation by rapidly shifting substrate oxidation to more closely reflect the composition of the diet. These results show that diet composition can affect substrate oxidation without producing measurable effects on total energy expenditure.
Adult↗
Panic disorder associated with permanent pacemaker implantation.
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Adult↗
Medium-chain fatty acids: evidence for incorporation into chylomicron triglycerides in humans.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of chylomicron triglycerides isolated from subjects fed liquid-formula diets containing 40% of total energy as medium- (C8:0 and C10:0) or long-chain (C16-C18) triglycerides (MCT, LCT) for 6 d. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) comprised 8% of total chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids after the first MCT meal. After 6 d of continued MCT feeding, chylomicron triglyceride MCFA content increased to 13%. When subjects were fed the LCT (soybean oil) diet, C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2 comprised nearly 90% of the chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids. The mass of triglyceride transported in chylomicrons isolated from subjects fed the MCT diet was approximately 20% of that found when subjects consumed the LCT diet. We conclude that although total triglyceride production during MCT ingestion is low, the chylomicron triglycerides that are synthesized contain significant amounts of MCFA.
Chylomicrons↗
Metabolic differences between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats.
We compared, across several physiological variables, rats most and least susceptible to develop obesity when given a high-fat diet. After 4 wk of eating a high-fat diet (60% of calories from fat), rats in the upper (obesity prone, OP) and lower (obesity resistant, OR) quartiles for weight gain were further studied. OP rats ate significantly more than OR rats, but this did not completely explain differences in their susceptibility to dietary obesity. No differences in 24-h energy expenditure were found between groups. OR rats had a significantly lower 24-h respiratory quotient, indicative of a greater relative proportion of fat oxidation and lower plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) than OP rats. Thus the ability to avoid dietary obesity produced by a high-fat diet may depend on an ability to increase fat oxidation in response to increased fat intake. Insulin sensitivity, measured by a euglycemic insulin clamp, was significantly higher in OR than OP rats. We cannot determine from these data whether insulin resistance developed as a consequence of elevated FFA levels or whether the ability to oxidize FFA declined as a result of development of insulin resistance. In summary, we propose that rats able to resist becoming obese on a high-fat diet have the ability to adjust the composition of fuel oxidized to the fuel composition of the diet with a minimum increase in body fat. The specific mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown but may be related to effects of diet on insulin sensitivity.
Animals↗
Panic disorder in cardiology patients.
This paper reviews current evidence from several cardiology populations that suggests panic disorder is prevalent and underdiagnosed. Cardiology patients with atypical angina and no heart disease have a high likelihood of having panic disorder as suggested by studies of two separate cardiology populations. That they resemble psychiatric populations with panic is suggested by their positive response to alprazolam. Although evidence is less clear concerning the relationship between MVP and panic, it appears that patients referred to ECHO and found to have MVP are also likely to have panic. Three other populations deserving further study are patients with 1) pacemaker syndrome, 2) coronary artery disease with atypical angina and 3) certain arrhythmias.
Adult↗
Changes in blood lipids during six days of overfeeding with medium or long chain triglycerides.
Although medium chain triglyceride (MCT) is less calorically dense than long chain triglyceride (LCT), it produces a greater thermic effect following ingestion. We hypothesized that the previously observed high rate of thermogenesis produced by MCT overfeeding was due to hepatic de novo synthesis of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) from the excess medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). To study this, we compared the effects of overfeeding MCT- and LCT-containing diets on blood lipid profiles. Ten in-patient, nonobese males were overfed (150% of estimated energy requirements) two formula diets for 6 days each, in a randomized crossover design. Diets differed only in the composition of the fat and contained either 40% of energy as MCT or LCT (soybean oil). The major differences between diets in the resulting pattern of blood lipids were: 1) a reduction in fasting serum total cholesterol concentrations with the LCT, but not the MCT diet; and 2) a threefold increase in fasting serum triglyceride concentrations with MCT, but not LCT, diet. Moreover, 10% of the fasting triglyceride fatty acids were medium chain and 40% were 16:0 with the MCT diet. This compared to 1% and 20% for medium chain and 16:0, respectively, with the LCT diet. In addition, there were increases in 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 in the triglycerides during MCT feeding. The changes in fatty acids in triglycerides with MCT feeding are consistent with the hypothesis that excess dietary MCT cause a significant increase in the hepatic synthesis of these fatty acids from MCFA through de novo synthesis and/or chain elongation and desaturation. These processes could account for the higher rate of postprandial thermogenesis with MCT as compared to LCT.
Adult↗
Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides.
To test whether excess dietary energy as medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) affects thermogenesis differently from excess dietary energy as long chain triglycerides (LCT), ten male volunteers (ages 22 to 44) were overfed (150% of estimated energy requirement) liquid formula diets containing 40% of fat as either MCT or LCT. Each patient was studied for one week on each diet in a double-blind, crossover design. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) did not change during either week of overfeeding. The thermic response to food (TEF) was greater on day 1 following a meal (1,000 kcal) containing MCT than following an isocaloric meal containing LCT (8 +/- .8% v 5.8 +/- .8% of ingested energy; P less than .05). Moreover, the TEF observed after a 1,000 kcal meal containing MCT increased significantly to 12% (+/- 1.3%) overfeeding. The TEF of the 1,000 kcal meal containing LCT was unchanged by five days of LCT overfeeding (6.6 +/- 1.0% of ingested energy). Energy expenditure during a 20-hour continuous enteral infusion of the diet on day 7 was also significantly higher with the MCT diet than with the LCT diet (15.7 +/- 1.7% v 7.3 +/- .9% of ingested energy; P less than .05). Our results demonstrate that excess dietary energy as MCT stimulates thermogenesis to a greater degree than does excess energy as LCT. This increased energy expenditure, most likely due to lipogenesis in the liver, provides evidence that excess energy derived from MCT is stored with a lesser efficiency than is excess energy derived from dietary LCT.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
Protein intake, brain amino acid and serotonin concentrations and protein self-selection.
Analysis of evidence of associations among dietary protein content, brain amino acid and serotonin concentrations, and protein self-selection by rats suggests that 1) protein intake is not regulated precisely, although rats will select between low and high protein diets to obtain an adequate, but not excessive, amount of protein; 2) associations between brain serotonin concentration and protein intake are weak, although consumption of single meals of protein-deficient diets will elevate brain serotonin concentration; 3) the nature of signals that drive rats to avoid diets containing inadequate or excessive amounts of protein remains obscure; (4) whole brain amino acid and serotonin concentrations are quite stable over the usual range of protein intakes, owing to competition among amino acids for uptake across the blood-brain barrier and effective metabolic regulation of blood amino acid concentrations; 5) protein intake and preference are not in themselves regulated, but what appears to be regulation of intake and preference is a reflection of the responses of systems for control of plasma amino acid concentrations; and (6) the relative stability of the average protein intake of groups of self-selecting rats (which gives the appearance of regulation) results from averaging the variable behavioral responses--learned aversions and preferences--of rats to the variety of sensory cues arising from diets that differ in protein content.
Amino Acids↗
Unusual reaction to trifluoperazine.
A 19-year-old woman, recently discharged from the hospital and being treated for schizophrenia, presented with an unusual reaction to trifluoperazine. She complained of nausea and vomiting and experienced bilateral swelling of the tongue. Symptoms subsided when the medication was discontinued. Although dystonic reactions to high doses of phenothiazines are not uncommon, we postulate that this case represented an unusual allergic reaction to the medication.
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