Biomedical subjects

J C Salvado

Publications and source records attributed to J C Salvado.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

CM-gag, a transposable-like element reiterated in the genome of Culex pipiens mosquitoes, contains only a gag gene.

CM-gag elements constitute an homogeneous family of sequences that are reiterated in the genome of Culex pipiens strains from different continents. Apparently complete 1.75 kb CM-gag copies are flanked by target-site duplications and have a polyadenylation signal near their 3' end. They potentially contain a unique gene encoding a putative protein that displays homologies with nucleic acid binding proteins and the gag polypeptide of retroviruses and retrotransposons, but that does not encode a reverse transcriptase. CM-gag elements are similar in their genetic organization to the telomeric transposable sequences Het-A from Drosophila melanogaster, but Southern-hybridization patterns indicate that the former are more probably dispersed in various areas of the mosquito genome. The homogeneity of CM-gag copies that are distributed worldwide suggests that they have most probably been amplified recently. Furthermore, selective constraints against amino acid changes have been acting on these sequences, suggesting that they need to encode the gag-like protein to be incorporated into the chromosomes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Characterization of the unlinked 16S rDNA and 23S-5S rRNA operon of Wolbachia pipientis, a prokaryotic parasite of insect gonads.

The rRNA-encoding genes (rDNAs) have been cloned and characterized from Wolbachia pipientis (Wp), the gonadial bacteria-like parasite of the mosquito Culex pipiens (Cp) and the moth Ephestia cautella (Ec). In Wp from both insect species the rDNAs are organized in a way which appears to be very unusual. The rRNAs are encoded by two unlinked transcription units, each present in a single copy per genome. One contains the 16S rDNA only, while the other is an operon encoding both the 23S and 5S rDNAs. Each transcription unit contains two putative upstream promoters, and downstream a Rho-independent terminator. The 16S rDNA, as well as the 23S-5S rRNA operon are not linked to any tRNA-encoding sequence and lack the antitermination boxes which are usually present immediately downstream from eubacterial promoters of rDNAs. Wp infecting Ec and Cp are highly similar taking as criteria the rDNAs and their flanking sequences. However, it clearly appears that each insect species harbours a different and specific Wp strain, or even subspecies. Phylogenetic relationships deduced from the complete sequences of their rDNAs undoubtedly confirm that Wp from Cp and Ec belong to the alpha-group of Proteobacteria, and are closely related to the Rickettsia.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Mosquito transposable elements.

Most of the transposons so far characterized from mosquito genomes are retroelements which seem to be distributed worldwide. The Juan transposons constitute a family of non-LTR retroelements, or LINE-retroposons, which are dispersed in the genomes of several mosquito species. Three different Juan subfamilies have been characterized, each being amplified in the genomes of many strains, if not all, of a given mosquito species. These subfamilies have been designated respectively Juan-C in Culex pipiens, Juan-Ct in Culex tarsalis and Juan-A in Aedes aegypti. A large number of the Juan retroposons which are amplified in the mosquito genomes are apparently full-length copies and potentially encode the enzymes necessary for their transposition, a nucleic acid binding protein and a reverse transcriptase. However, these complete Juan copies seem to be most frequently transcriptionally silent in insects reared under laboratory conditions. A few of them are transcribed in C. pipiens cells grown in vitro, but from an external promoter, the Juan-C specific RNA being fused to an upstream RNA sequence. Therefore, the transcription of Juan retroposons seems to depend on external promoters which are most frequently inactive. The occurrence and distribution of Juan retroposon subfamilies among mosquito species do not reflect the phylogeny of these species. Furthermore, complete Juan-C and Juan-A copies which are reiterated in strains collected from regions covering different continents are nearly identical. Juan-C copies belonging to geographically different C. pipiens strains display low levels of divergence between their nucleotide sequences and many of the mutations which have occurred among these copies do not alter their coding potential. These results indicate that the Juan retroposons occur as homogeneous subfamilies distributed worldwide and that selective constraints against amino acid change have been acting recently on these elements, despite the fact that they are now highly repeated through mosquito genomes. Therefore, Juan transposons have most probably been recently amplified in mosquito genomes. Each subfamily may have been amplified from one master element present in a unique population which has since spread worldwide. Alternatively, this amplification may have arisen in many mosquito populations, but from highly conserved master elements submitted to selection pressures. Horizontal transfers between species may also have contributed to the spread of these transposons.

Aedes↗

PubMed1993

Characterization and genetic organization of full-length copies of a LINE retroposon family dispersed in the genome of Culex pipiens mosquitoes.

Many full-length copies of a long interspersed repetitive element family, designated Juan-C, are reiterated in the genome of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The complete Juan-C elements have a length of 4.48 kb. They are terminated at one end with an adenosine-rich sequence preceded with an AATAAA polyadenylation signal, lack terminal repeats and cause duplication of the host DNA at the site of their integration. Full-length Juan-C copies display two long open reading frames potentially encoding two proteins. The first one includes a domain typical of nucleic-acid-binding proteins, while the second resembles reverse transcriptases. Therefore, Juan-C elements are similar to LINE retroposons in their overall genetic organization and can probably be transposed by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Juan-C elements are most similar in their sequence and coding potential to the Juan-A elements which are reiterated in mosquito species belonging to the genus Aedes. They also display homologies with some Drosophila LINEs such as Jockey, suggesting that all these elements have arisen from a common precursor. Nearly identical full-length Juan-C copies are amplified in C. pipiens strains from different continents. This finding that Juan-C retroposons reiterated in different strains form an homogeneous family is interpreted to indicate that these elements have spread recently in the C. pipiens species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Characterization of a LINE retroposon dispersed in the genome of three non-sibling Aedes mosquito species.

A family of long interspersed repetitive elements (LINEs) dispersed in the genome of Aedes mosquitoes is described. Basically, full-length copies of the element designated Juan-A are dispersed in the genome of A. aegypti, but some elements are truncated or deleted. Complete Juan-A elements are 4.7 kb long, and their overall genetic organization is similar to that of LINEs from other species in which this class of nonviral retrotransposons has been described. Juan-A elements are terminated at the 3' end by an adenosine(A)-rich sequence and are flanked by target-site duplications. They display two long open reading frames potentially encoding two polypeptides. The first one contains Cys-rich motifs typical of nucleic-acid-binding proteins, while the other shows homology to the reverse transcriptases. These features are characteristic of LINE retroposons and indicate that Juan-A elements can be transposed by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Furthermore, Juan-A retroposons display significant homologies with the Drosophila LINEs Jockey and F, suggesting that all these elements have arisen from a common precursor. The full-length Juan-A copies which are amplified in the genomes of various strains belonging to the three non-sibling species, A. aegypti, A. albopictus and A. polynesiensis, form an internally homogeneous family. These data are interpreted to indicate that active Juan-A retroposons underwent a recent amplification in the strains analyzed. Furthermore, they suggest that these elements have spread by horizontal transfer between the three non-sibling species.

Aedes↗

PubMed1991

Isolation of transcripts preferentially expressed during fruit body primordia differentiation in the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita.

An Agrocybe aegerita cDNA library, constructed from fruit body primordia poly(A)+ RNAs, was screened by differential colony hybridization. Clones which preferentially hybridized to poly(A)+ RNA sequences from fruit body primordia, versus poly(A)+ RNAs from mycelium, were isolated. Eight of these clones (EMAa-1 to EMAa-8) encoded eight different poly(A)+ RNAs which were demonstrated to be undetectable in the four stages preceding primordia formation and to be concomitantly accumulated when primordia differentiate, suggesting that EMAa gene products are closely involved in the morphogenesis of primordia. The eight EMAa cDNAs hybridize to at least seven unique regions distributed randomly in the A. aegerita genome. The expression of two EMAa cDNA sequences in E. coli led to the isolation of their gene products as fusion proteins.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1989

Involvement of a Spiroplasma citri plasmid in the erythromycin-resistance transfer.

An erythromycin-resistant strain (M4 Er-1) was selected from Spiroplasma citri M4+. The transfer by transformation of the erythromycin-resistance character to the erythromycin-sensitive S. citri strain R8A2+ was studied. Transfer became effective and reproducible when cells were treated with alkali cations plus polyethylene glycol. Comparison of the efficiency of transformation of the erythromycin-sensitive strain S. citri R8A2+ by total and extrachromosomal DNA purified from the erythromycin-resistant strain M4 Er-1 showed that the plasmid pM42 was able to transfer the erythromycin-resistance. pM42 was mapped with restriction endonucleases and found to be related to the pMH1 plasmid previously isolated from S. citri MH. Hybridization analysis of DNA from sensitive and resistant strains has shown that a sequence from pM42, analogous to a sequence from pMH1, was integrated at a specific locus in the chromosome of the erythromycin-resistant cells, i.e., of the transformed R8A2 cells and of the spontaneous mutant M4 Er-1 strain.

DNA↗