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Biomedical subjects

J C Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to J C Shaw.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Spironolactone in dermatologic therapy.

In the treatment of androgen-mediated skin disorders spironolactone provides a valuable therapeutic option. This article reviews the use of spironolactone as an antiandrogen in dermatologic therapy. The endocrinologic effects, pharmacology, dermatologic uses, and side effects are discussed, and guidelines for its use are provided.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) in the liver and portal lymph nodes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical study.

The reason for the close association between primary biliary cirrhosis and the appearance of antibodies that recognize the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is not understood. The distribution of the three pyruvate dehydrogenase complex subunits was examined in the liver and lymph nodes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, patients with other liver diseases and normal subjects by immunohistochemistry using affinity-purified antibodies. Intensity of staining was assessed semiquantitatively and validated by scanning laser confocal microscopy. In primary biliary cirrhosis tissue, the E2 staining pattern did not parallel the reported distribution of mitochondria. E2 staining in biliary epithelial cells was consistently stronger than in hepatocytes. In primary biliary cirrhotic liver, staining of biliary epithelium was significantly stronger than in normal or other liver disease controls; many bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhotic liver demonstrated very high intensity, diffuse distribution of stain. No differences in staining intensity were seen between perivenular hepatocytes in primary biliary cirrhotic liver and those in controls; periportal hepatocytes in primary biliary cirrhotic liver were, however, more intensely stained than perivenular cells. In primary biliary cirrhotic portal lymph nodes, a subset of macrophages showed high-intensity, diffuse distribution of stain. By contrast, staining with antibodies to E1 and E3 (other components of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) produced uniform-intensity, mitochondrial distribution both in primary biliary cirrhosis and control tissue. The increased intensity of E2 in primary biliary cirrhotic tissue could be explained in terms of abnormal metabolism of E2 by biliary epithelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1991

Upper extremity contractures in a patient with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid taken as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement for a variety of conditions including chronic pain, insomnia, and depression. In October 1989 several patients were reported having eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) who had taken L-tryptophan in large doses. Little is known about the long-term outcomes of EMS. A patient with EMS who developed contractures of the upper extremities because of severe myalgias is discussed. Early aggressive rehabilitative intervention may prevent contractures in patients with EMS.

Arm↗
PubMed1990

Virilisation of female preterm infants.

Two cases of hypertrophy of the clitoris in premature girls are reported; this was associated with persistently high concentrations of adrenal fetal zone androgens.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1989

Sporotrichosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Kaposi's sarcoma and disseminated sporotrichosis of the skin and joints developed simultaneously in a homosexual man with antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. There was no identified source of exposure to Sporothrix organisms. Sporotrichosis may be a presenting opportunistic infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and tends to be disseminated at the time of diagnosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Nonmetabolizable base balance: effect of diet composition on plasma pH.

The pH of the plasma is determined by the concentration and chemical properties of the acids and bases dissolved in it. Three classes of acids and bases can be identified: 1) carbonic acid (CA), formed by intermediary metabolism and disposed of principally by pulmonary ventilation--variation in the rate of pulmonary ventilation controls the plasma concentration of CA; 2) metabolizable acids (MA) are either absorbed from the diet or arise in the process of intermediary metabolism and are mainly disposed of by intermediary metabolism; 3) nonmetabolizable acids and bases (NB) are absorbed from the diet and are disposed of by renal mechanisms, which also control their concentration in the plasma. Growing infants and children are in positive balance for NB, and about 96% of it is laid down in the skeleton. Because of their dietary origin and disposal in the urine, it is possible to measure the balance of nonmetabolizable acids and bases using conventional metabolic balance techniques. This is particularly important for the development of diets for young infants, as their renal mechanisms for the control of the concentration of plasma nonmetabolizable acids and bases are immature and easily overcharged. The lack of published data, however, makes it impossible to recommend maximum and minimum intakes of nonmetabolizable base.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1979

The EEG and differential diagnosis in psychogeriatrics.

A model for differentiating cerebral dysfunction in senile, arteriosclerotic dementia, and depressive states is proposed on the basis of electrocortical topographic measures of EEG coherence. Bipolar EEGs were recorded from central, parietal, occipital and temporal areas in 24 elderly patients with a firm clinical diagnosis of senile dementia, senile arteriosclerosis or depression. Power and coherence spectra were computed on 20 second epochs recorded during eyes open, eyes closed and photic stimulation. Significant group differences were reported in both power and coherence measures. Power results were uniform for all channels but coherence values differed significantly with derivation. The best discriminator between groups was EEG coherence estimates between right parietal and temporal derivation. Correlations between clinical symptomatology and EEG coherence supported the direction of the discrimination between groups. The EEG coherence function is discussed as a potential measure of neuro-functional pathology in psychiatry.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Field dependence, laterality and the EEG.

There is evidence that an individual's 'cognitive style' is related to lateralization of function in the brain, and that this in turn is associated with characteristic EEG coherence spectra. We tested the hypothesis that field dependence (a measure of cognitive organization) and hand preference (a measure of functional organisation) relate to EEG coherence measures in a specific way. The predicted associations were based on the proposal that right preferent individuals have a more specific, and left preferents a more diffuse, system of functional units in the cortex. The association between alpha band resting EEG coherence (sampled on two occasions for both hemispheres from 12 right and 12 left preferent individuals), field dependence (Nyborg's criterion of frame dependence on a rod and frame test), and laterality scores (questionnaire and manual performance), was measured by Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). Significant associations support the proposed model except for coherence within the left preferents' right hemisphere. It is argued that the right hemisphere is more specifically organised in strong sinistrals than the general model would predict. These and other results support the use of EEC coherence measures in the study of cerebral functional organisation.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The EEG, brain function, and Thomson's sampling theory.

If the EEG is regarded as a measure of functional organisation in the brain, it may yet be possible to use it as an independent variable in psychological studies. The method of Maxwell et al. (1974) suggest how this relationship may be quantified. These authors develop the hypothesis that EEG power is proportional to p, the number of brain components involved in cognition. However, evidence is reviewed here to suggest an alternative hypothesis for the case of EEG alpha activity, namely that power is proportional to (1--p).

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1978

The effect of iron supplements and blood transfusion on iron absorption by low birthweight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk.

Using serial metabolic balances, iron absorption was measured in six preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 weeks), and two fullterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants, between day 10 and 70 after birth. They were all fed breast milk. Iron supplements (2.5--13 mg/kg day) were given from day 30. Three preterm infants received blood transfusions for anemia. During the first 30 days of life iron balance was negative in the preterm infants (mean +/- SEM = -0.10 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day) and positive in the full term SGA infants (mean +/- SEM = 0.098 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day). In infants who were not tranfused, absorption of supplementary iron was a linear function of iron intake, and corresponded closely to 34% absorption. An iron intake of 5--6 mg/kg day resulted in the absorption of amounts of iron close to those being laid down in utero. Blood transfusion was followed by a reduction in iron absorption; in two cases it became negative, becoming positive again as the hemoglobin fell below about 12.0 g/100 ml. These data show that a mechanism exists in preterm infants for the control of iron absorption which does not operate at the hemoglobin concentrations that prevail in such infants, unless they are transfused.

Absorption↗
PubMed1977

The EEG as a measure of cerebral functional organization.

Evidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of II right from II left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.

Brain↗