Rejoicing, renewal for a bedside nurse.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Biomedical subjects
J Carpenter
Publications and source records attributed to J Carpenter.
The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome V.
Here we report the sequence of 569,202 base pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome V. Analysis of the sequence revealed a centromere, two telomeres and 271 open reading frames (ORFs) plus 13 tRNAs and four small nuclear RNAs. There are two Tyl transposable elements, each of which contains an ORF (included in the count of 271). Of the ORFs, 78 (29%) are new, 81 (30%) have potential homologues in the public databases, and 112 (41%) are previously characterized yeast genes.
Base Sequence↗
The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XVI.
The nucleotide sequence of the 948,061 base pairs of chromosome XVI has been determined, completing the sequence of the yeast genome. Chromosome XVI was the last yeast chromosome identified, and some of the genes mapped early to it, such as GAL4, PEP4 and RAD1 (ref. 2) have played important roles in the development of yeast biology. The architecture of this final chromosome seems to be typical of the large yeast chromosomes, and shows large duplications with other yeast chromosomes. Chromosome XVI contains 487 potential protein-encoding genes, 17 tRNA genes and two small nuclear RNA genes; 27% of the genes have significant similarities to human gene products, and 48% are new and of unknown biological function. Systematic efforts to explore gene function have begun.
Base Sequence↗
Cancer incidence among predominantly black, rural-poor populations in southern states.
BACKGROUND: A seven-county, predominantly black, rural-poor population in Alabama is targeted for a program aimed at improving access to state-of-the-art cancer care. This paper presents combined age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for predominantly black, rural counties in North Carolina and Georgia similar to the Alabama counties and compares these rates with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) incidence rates. METHODS: Cancer incidence data from 1990 to 1993 were obtained from the Georgia Center for Cancer Statistics for 10 rural counties with predominantly black populations. Likewise, cancer incidence data from 1990 to 1993 were obtained for seven rural-poor counties in North Carolina from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. SEER incidence rates from 1990 to 1992 were obtained for nine SEER sites. RESULTS: The overall cancer incidence rate from North Carolina and Georgia is lower by 22% than the SEER rate. Cancer incidence rates for cancers of the breast, colon/rectum, lung, and prostate were at least 15% lower than the SEER rates, while the invasive cervical cancer rate was 1.78 times higher than the SEER rate. CONCLUSION: Blacks comprise about 50% of the population in these counties. In contrast, the SEER population is predominantly white, and the black population is primarily urban. Estimates of the number of cancer cases in black, rural-poor populations based on SEER incidence rates is not reflective of the cancer experience in these populations.
Adult↗
Barriers to complaints: a survey of mental health service users.
Reports on a survey of 222 mental health service users in two health service trusts, which provides evidence to support and elaborate Wood's analysis of barriers to effective complaints procedures. Identifies key confounding factors such as: lack of awareness of the existence of procedures, the fears of service users about making a complaint, and the lack of awareness of rights and expectations of services. Notes key implications for managers including: the provision of accurate, comprehensive information to service users about complaints procedures, the need to recognize the many factors which inhibit service users from using procedures and the need to inform service users about their rights and services.
Health Care Surveys↗
A controlled trial of amino acid therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: I. Clinical, functional, and maximum isometric torque data.
We conducted a two center, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial with oral branched chain amino acids (BCAA) (L-leucine 12 g, L-isoleucine 8 g, and L-valine 6.4 g daily) or L-threonine (4 g daily) with pyridoxal phosphate (160 mg daily) for six months in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The effect of treatment on disease progression was estimated every two months by recording clinical muscle strength, maximum isometric muscle torque in selected muscles, forced vital capacity (FVC), activities of daily living pertaining to the upper and lower limbs, and timed tasks. Ninety-five patients were randomized to receive BCAA (n = 31), L-threonine (n = 32), or placebo (n = 32), of whom 77 (81%) completed the trial. Mean weight loss in the placebo group was 1.1 kg and in the L-threonine group was 3.2 kg; the BCAA group gained 0.2 kg (p = 0.04). The estimated decline in FVC was about 2.5 times greater in the BCAA and L-threonine groups as compared to placebo (p = 0.03). Otherwise, no significant differences were found in the changes observed in clinical, functional, timed, or maximum torque measures among treatment groups. The amino acids were well tolerated. The results of our study failed to show a beneficial effect of BCAA or L-threonine treatment for six months on the disease course in ALS. The higher rate of loss of pulmonary function in patients treated with BCAA or L-threonine may have been due to chance, but an adverse effect of these amino acids cannot be ruled out.
Adult↗
Shock trauma Baltimore, USA.
Following attendance at a lecture by an anaesthetist who had spent time at the R. Adams Cowley shock trauma centre, and after seeing a documentary about Cowley's work on BBC TV, we began to investigate the possibility of spending time at the trauma centre as observers. In July 1993, we spent 2 weeks in Baltimore observing a system that has been tailored to meet the needs of multiply injured patients by utilising resources and the skills of all members of the multidisciplinary team.
Baltimore↗
Interprofessional education for medical and nursing students: evaluation of a programme.
This paper reports and evaluates a programme of interprofessional education for final-year medical students and fourth-year undergraduate BSc nursing students. The programme was designed in the light of social psychological studies of intergroup behaviour (the contact hypothesis). Key features included opportunities to work as equals in pairs and small groups on shared tasks in a cooperative atmosphere. Topics included communication between nurses, doctors and patients, deliberate self-harm by patients, and ethical issues in clinical care. A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the programme on one cohort of 39 participants revealed that overall attitudes towards the other profession had improved. Participants reported increased understanding of the knowledge and skills, roles and duties of the other profession. The programme was positively evaluated by both groups of participants.
Adult↗
Intelligibility and the acoustic characteristics of speech in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in specific speech parameters in 14 patients, 7 dysarthric and 7 non-dysarthric, with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), over a 6-month period. Measurements of single word intelligibility, F2 formant trajectories (extent, duration and rate) and diadochokinetic rate showed decreased performance in dysarthric patients as compared to non-dysarthric patients at baseline. F2 transition rates of less than 4 Hz/msec were seen only in dysarthric ALS patients. A relationship between the F2 transition rate and single word intelligibility was noted for patients with moderate to high intelligibility, but at lower levels of intelligibility the F2 rate reached a plateau despite continued decline in intelligibility. Our results support the need for frequent evaluation of dysarthric ALS patients to better understand the relationship between intelligibility and the acoustic parameters of speech.
Adult↗
Effect of resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringers on macrophage activity after hemorrhagic shock and sepsis.
Hemorrhagic shock appears to predispose patients to subsequent sepsis. This study examined the effect of different resuscitation fluids on macrophage function following hemorrhagic shock. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled to a blood pressure of 50 mmHg for 60 min and then resuscitated with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or Lactated Ringers (LR). Phagocytic function was assessed by clearance of IV colloidal carbon (C). Carbon clearance was not statistically different between control (154.89), shock LR (169.16), and shock HES (144.60). Computerized image analysis of C distribution in sections of liver and spleen taken 4 h after C infusion exhibits a significant decrease in C distribution after resuscitation with HES compared to control and animals resuscitated with LR (Student's t test, p < .05). Male CBA/J mice were bled to a mean blood pressure of 50 mmHg for 60 min and then resuscitated with either LR (N = 18) or HES (N = 17). In separate experiments CBA/J mice had no shock, but were given LR or HES followed by cecal ligation and puncture and later excision (CLPE). A final group had shock with either LR or HES resuscitation and then CLPE as above. Splenocytes were harvested 48 h after shock for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Animals undergoing shock with subsequent septic challenge (Shock/CLPE) showed significantly increased mortality 40 vs. 0% (chi square, p < .05) and immunosuppression on MLC 2,088(LR)/3,300 (HES) vs. 18,570 (LR)/17,705 (HES) compared to CLPE alone (Student's t test, P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Osteoporosis induced in mice by overproduction of interleukin 4.
Osteoporosis is a common disease in which loss of bone mass results in skeletal fragility. The development of therapies for this disorder has been hampered by the lack of a convenient animal model. Here we describe a disorder in bone homeostasis in transgenic mice that inappropriately express the cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) under the direction of the lymphocyte-specific proximal promoter for the lck gene. Bone disease in lck-IL-4 mice appeared to result from markedly decreased bone formation by osteoblasts, features strikingly similar to those observed in cases of severe low-turnover human involutional osteoporosis. By 2 months of age, female and male lck-IL-4 mice invariably developed severe osteoporosis of both cortical and trabecular bone. Osteoporosis was observed in two independently derived founder animals, indicating that this phenotype was directly mediated by the IL-4 transgene.
Actins↗
An extended corona attached to metaphase kinetochores of the green alga Oedogonium.
Mitotic cells of the green alga Oedogonium were treated with the anti-microtubule agent oryzalin (1.0-0.1 microM) for 5 to 10 min. Within 5 min treatment of living cells, metaphase spindles became spherical with disorganized chromosomes, and anaphase spindles collapsed. At lower concentrations, the effects were slower, and partial recovery was observed about 10 to 20 min after the drug was washed out. Following breakdown of the spindle, considerable disorganized activity detected by time-lapse continued within the nucleus, isolated from the cytoplasm by its intact nuclear membrane. Under the electron microscope, spindle microtubules (MTs) were absent in oryzalin-treated cells. Paired metaphase kinetochores displayed an array of fine filamentous material extended, usually straight, about 3 microns into the nucleoplasm. In cells recovering from oryzalin treatment, MTs became associated with kinetochores in the usual manner. However, this filamentous array, the "extended corona" (EC), was almost undetectable, even when the MTs were short and poorly organized. The EC is appreciably larger by metaphase than the corona of prophase chromosomes and so it may assemble during early mitosis. Fine filaments interspersed with kinetochore MTs have been described in carefully fixed cells of this alga (M.J. Schibler, J.D. Pickett-Heaps, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 22, 687-698 (1980)). The EC apparently represents a less organized form of this material remaining after its scaffold of MTs has been removed. These fibers appear involved in MT capture upon spindle recovery from anti-MT drugs. They could function during prometaphase and even anaphase movement along spindle MTs.
Dinitrobenzenes↗
Magnetic resonance arteriography of the pelvis and lower extremities.
Reconstructive vascular surgery is the last resort for limb salvage in patients with vascular insufficiency. Planning the sites of arterial bypass grafts depends on an exact knowledge of the angiographic anatomy. Currently, conventional contrast angiography is the primary preoperative study for surgical planning. Recently, magnetic resonance (MR) arteriography has been shown to be an accurate technique for the evaluation of slow arterial flow in the lower extremities. The purpose of this review will be to show how MR arteriography can be used as both an adjunct to and in some cases instead of conventional angiography for the preoperative assessment of lower-extremity vascular reconstruction. The derivation of common artifacts, the many pitfalls of interpretation, and the evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusion and percentage stenosis will be discussed. MR arteriography of the lower extremities is an important advance for the noninvasive evaluation of disease of the peripheral vasculature.
Algorithms↗
Mathematical modelling and theory for estimating the basic reproduction number of canine leishmaniasis.
The paper describes a mathematical model for canine leishmaniasis and presents formulae which can be used to estimate the basic reproduction number, R0. The primary concern has been to devise methods of estimation which make best use of those data most easily obtained by fieldwork, e.g. surveys of prevalence in dog (by age) and sandfly populations. A range of formulae are offered which are more or less demanding of data, and which consequently give more or less precise estimates of R0. They include methods for assessing the influence on R0 of heterogeneous biting rates of sandflies on dogs, in which the essence of heterogeneous transmission can be captured merely by measuring relative rather than absolute contact rates.
Animals↗
Interleukin 4 expressed in situ selectively alters thymocyte development.
Using a transgenic mouse model we show that increased intrathymic expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4) significantly perturbs the development of thymocytes. Transgenic double-positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocytes, which are present in dramatically reduced numbers, exhibit increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression and increased mobilization of calcium mediated by these receptors. In contrast, transgenic single-positive (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) thymocytes and peripheral T cells exhibit decreased TCR-mediated calcium mobilization. The development of CD4-CD8+ thymocytes is significantly perturbed by IL-4 expressed in vivo; only peripheral CD4+ T cells are found in significant numbers in transgenic mice, while CD4-CD8+ thymocytes are present in increased numbers, apparently because of their failure to emigrate to the periphery. In contrast to these selective effects on T cell development, no significant differences in the numbers of B cells or mast cells, or in the plasma levels of IgE and IgG1 are observed between transgenic and control mice. These observations suggest that IL-4 in vivo exerts its major effects locally rather than systemically, even when its expression is constitutively increased.
Animals↗
Properties of a composite Higgs particle in a dynamically broken formulation of the standard model.
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Journal Article↗
Comparison of meningio-angiomatosis in a man and a dog.
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Adult↗
Cardiovascular pharmacology of dopexamine in low output congestive heart failure.
Dose-response infusions (0.25 to 4.0 micrograms/kg/min) and extended infusions of dopexamine, a new synthetic catechol with beta 2 adrenergic and dopaminergic agonist effects, were performed in 12 patients with low output congestive heart failure (CHF). The central and regional hemodynamic effects and responses in renal function were determined and compared with those of saline-placebo control patients in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Dopexamine significantly increased cardiac output at a dose greater than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/kg/min secondary to an increase in stroke volume at greater than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/kg/min and heart rate at greater than or equal to 0.50 micrograms/kg/min. Dopexamine evoked a significant decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, with mild reductions noted for systemic and pulmonary diastolic pressures. Right and left ventricular filling pressures decreased over the entire dose range of dopexamine concomitant with a demonstrable improvement in the indexes of ventricular performance. Dopexamine preferentially increased visceral (renal, hepatic-splanchnic) blood flow over that of limb. Urine volume and sodium excretion increased slightly with dopexamine. Dopexamine elicits rather prominent vasodilating effects (particularly of visceral vascular beds), some positive inotropy and chronotropy and favorable responses in renal function.
Adrenergic Agonists↗