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Biomedical subjects

J Chelkowski

Publications and source records attributed to J Chelkowski.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

The effects of cereal substrate and temperature on production of beauvericin, moniliformin and fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM-1434.

One strain of Fusarium subglutinans (ITEM-1434) isolated from maize ear rot in Poland was tested for the ability to synthesize moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FP) on six cereal substrates (wheat, rye, barley, oat, maize and rice kernels) for 3 weeks at 25 degrees C and on rice at three different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 degrees C). Most MON (497 micrograms/g) was produced on rice; most BEA (704 micrograms/g) on wheat or rice, and most FP (422 micrograms/g) on rye. When cultured on rice, F. subglutinans produced the highest levels of BEA and FP at 20-25 degrees C, while MON production was best at 30 degrees C.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Beauvericin production by Fusarium species.

Beauvericin is a cyclohexadepsipeptide mycotoxin which has insecticidal properties and which can induce apoptosis in mammalian cells. Beauvericin is produced by some entomo- and phytopathogenic Fusarium species (Fusarium proliferatum, F. semitectum, and F. subglutinans) and occurs naturally on corn and corn-based foods and feeds infected by Fusarium spp. We tested 94 Fusarium isolates belonging to 25 taxa, 21 in 6 of the 12 sections of the Fusarium genus and 4 that have been described recently, for the ability to produce beauvericin. Beauvericin was produced by the following species (with the number of toxigenic strains compared with the number of tested strains given in parentheses): Fusarium acuminatum var. acuminatum (1 of 4), Fusarium acuminatum var. armeniacum (1 of 3), F. anthophilum (1 of 2), F. avenaceum (1 of 6), F. beomiforme (1 of 1), F. dlamini (2 of 2), F. equiseti (2 of 3), F. longipes (1 of 2), F. nygamai (2 of 2), F. oxysporum (4 of 7), F. poae (4 of 4), F. sambucinum (12 of 14), and F. subglutinans (3 of 3). These results indicate that beauvericin is produced by many species in the genus Fusarium and that it may be a contaminant of cereals other than maize.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Biosynthesis of gibberellic acid (GA3) and mycotoxins by F. moniliforme sheldon and other species of Liseola section.

F. moniliforme and other species of Liseola section, F. culmorum, F. dlamini, and F. nygamai, were examined for their ability to produce gibberellic acid (GA3), fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, moniliformin, and bikaverin (TLC method). Gibberellic acid was produced by F. moniliforme strains in liquid medium and on rice kernels with a maximum concentration level of 470 mg/dm3 and 1 g/kg, respectively. No strain isolated in Poland produced GA3. High-yielding gibberellic acid strains produced neither trichothecenes and fumonisins nor other tested compounds. Also the rest of strains of examined species did not produce trichothecenes and other mycotoxins except for fumonisins which were found in rice cultures of F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans. Bikaverin was produced by F. moniliforme always together with fumonisins. Filtrates of liquid cultures of gibberellin producing strains were tested for their toxicity to brine shrimps larvae (Artemia salina). It was found that GA3 presence does not increase toxicity of these filtrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in maize (Zea mays L.) ears infected by Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) Nelson et al.

Fusarium subglutinans has been identified as a prevailing pathogen of maize ears in Poland in the seasons 1985-1991. About 95-100% of ears with Fusarium ear rot symptoms were infected by this species. Moniliformin was present in all 57 ears with pink ear rot symptoms examined. Fusarium-damaged kernels contained an average of 130.9 mg/kg of moniliformin, with large differences between individual samples each year--from 4.2 mg/kg to 530 mg/kg.

Cyclobutanes↗
PubMed1991

Possible sources of ochratoxin A in human blood in Poland.

Samples of plant origin and human and porcine blood samples were screened over a long period for the presence of ochratoxin A. Of 1353 cereal samples, 11.7% contained the mycotoxin; of 1372 samples of feed, 1.5%; of 368 bread samples, 17.2%; of 215 flour samples, 22.3%; of 894 porcine serum samples, 37.4%; and of 1065 human serum samples, 7.2%. Seasonal variations in the natural occurrence of ochratoxin A were observed, with an increased percentage of positive samples in the spring. Individual daily intake of the mycotoxin, estimated on the basis of residues in human serum, was found to be 0.4 ng/g of food consumed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part VI. The effect of ochratoxin A on growth and tissue residues of the mycotoxin in broiler chickens.

Eight weeks experiment on effects of continuous feeding of mycotoxin graded levels (0; 9.5; 1.0; .5; 2.0 mg ochratoxin A (OA) per kilogram of feed) to male and female broiler chickens was carried out. Birds' mortality was similar in all groups including control. Macroscopical veterinary examination did not reveal any changes in livers and kidneys. Males were found to be more sensitive to OA than females. The depression of body weight was found to be proportional to level of OA. The reduction of body weight of males (30%) was more significant than that of females (20%). Feed consumption per one kilogram of body weight was dependent on OA concentration in feed. In livers and white muscles of birds fed 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mg OA/kg feed and in red muscles of birds fed 1.5 and 2.0 mg OA/kg feed residues of OA were observed. OA disappeared completely from all mentioned tissues after 4 days when birds were fed with OA free feed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part I. Ochratoxin, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid and toxigenic fungi in cereal grain.

Contamination with ochratoxin A mainly and also with citrinin, penicillic acid and sterigmatocystin was observed in moldy cereal grain samples (wheat, rye, and barley), during 1975-1978 years. The levels of cereal grain contamination in various years were very different. However usually during two months after harvest percentage of contaminated samples was 5-7% and ochratoxin A content not higher than 140 microgram/kg. During storage of grain with high moisture content slow increase of contamination level was observed-particularly during January and February - to level 1-3 mg/kg. Cereal grain from commercial channels was contaminated with fungi spores sometimes up to 10(9) spores per gram. Aspergillus and Penicillium were predominating species. Between 69 fungi isolates typical for barley kernels 13 were procedures of ochratoxin, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid and F-2 toxin. Results for wheat and rye will be published later.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part II. The fate of ochratoxin A after processing of wheat and barley grain.

Ochratoxin A was to be evenly distributed in kernels of different lots of wheat and barley grain. Dry cleaning and wet cleaning did not eliminate ochratoxin from grain. After milling the level of ochratoxin in flour was similar to its concentration in bran. In pearl barley concentration of ochratoxin A stated only 10-30% of initial concentration in barley grain. Detoxification is necessary for the whole kernel, because processing did not remove ochratoxin A effectively.

Drug Stability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of the occurrence of the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereal samples from sources worldwide.

A method is reported for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin in cereals. The samples after extraction with acetonitrile/water are cleaned-up on a combination of reverse-phase and strong-anion exchange disposable cartridge columns. The extract is then analysed by ion-pair HPLC with UV detection. The method gave recoveries from 81 to 96% and a limit of detection of 0.05 mg/kg. A UK survey of 36 samples of maize products (principally meal and flour) generally showed detectable but low levels of contamination ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg (with the exception of three samples where moniliformin levels were less than 0.05 mg/kg). Sixty-four samples of maize from ten different countries showed generally higher levels of moniliformin contamination, with samples from Gambia and South Africa containing 3.16 and 2.73 mg/kg respectively. Field samples of maize, oats, wheat, rye and tricticale that were hand-selected as showing signs of visible fungal damage were obtained from Poland. Moniliformin was consistently present at high levels with amounts ranging from 0.5 to 38.3 mg/kg being associated with F. avenaceum contamination and amounts ranging from 4.2 to 399.3 mg/kg being associated with the presence of F. subglutinans.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗