Three-colour test in dermoscopy: a re-evaluation.
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Dermatology↗
Biomedical subjects
J Clemens
Publications and source records attributed to J Clemens.
Development of a mathematical method for classifying and comparing tree architecture using parameters from a topological model of a trifurcating botanical tree.
This paper describes a model for the topological mapping of trifurcating botanical trees. The model was based on a system of modular units that represented the interconnectivity of shoot meristems (terminal segments) and internodes (internal segments) within whole plant canopies, organized with increasing centrifugal ordering. The model was capable of describing the dynamics of plant growth as expressed by changes in topological parameters over time. Preliminary calculations for experimental trees indicated that the model represents growth in a biologically sound manner. Methods are described for the calculation of the architecture parameters size, size-complexity, structural complexity, and tree asymmetry index (TAI). Parameter calculations were based on the mathematical principles developed for the classification of bifurcating dendrite trees, and were designed to both extract structural information, and to enable statistical comparison between trees of different size. Parameters were mathematically adjusted for trifurcation, and appeared to be able to represent quantitatively the architectural properties of tree structures. In addition to the calculation of the TAI for trifurcating trees, new methods were developed to enable comparisons to be made of the architectural complexity of trifurcating trees of differing size. These were based on the principle of the pair-wise comparison of the mean centrifugal order number (MCON) with respect to segments against highest order number. We argue and illustrate that this principle can be more informative than that of pair-wise comparison of the MCON against tree degree (topological size). Further improvements to this method were made by examining branching points (vertices) rather than segments (links) to calculate the MCON.
Models, Biological↗
Greenhouse gas emissions from mechanical and biological waste treatment of municipal waste.
The mechanical and biological waste treatment (MBT) is an increasingly important technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) before landfilling. This process includes composting of the material with intensive aeration in order to minimize the organic fraction that may induce methane and leachate emissions after landfilling. The exhaust air is treated by biofilters to remove odorous and volatile organic compounds. The emission of direct and indirect greenhouse gases, namely methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), nitric (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was studied in four existing treatment plants. All gases except NO were emitted from the composting material. The emission factors were 12 to 185 kg ton(-1) substrate for CO2, 6-12 x 10(3) g ton(-1) substrate for CH4, 1.44 to 378 g ton(-1) substrate for N2O and 18-1150 g ton(-1) for NH3. In general, emission factors increased with increasing treatment time. The biofilters had no net effect on CH4, but removed 13-89% of the NH3. For CO2 the biofilters were a small, for N2O a major and for NO the exclusive source. Approximately 26% of the NH3-N that was removed in the biofilter was transformed into N2O when NH3 was the exclusive nitrogen source. Assuming that all municipal waste was treated by MBT, the emissions would account for 0.3 to 5% of the N2O and for 0.1 to 3% of the CH4 emissions in Germany, respectively. Optimising aeration and removing NH3 before the exhaust gas enters the biofilter could lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Air Pollution↗
Reduced ammonia emissions from slurry after self-acidification with organic supplements.
Ammonia volatilisation from field applied slurries causes environmental hazards and loss of fertilizer value. Acidification of slurry, usually with inorganic or organic acids has previously been used to reduce NH3 emissions. In this study, we present an alternative technique for the acidification of slurry, namely the use of fermentation by endogenous microbes to form organic acids from readily degradable organic compounds. In laboratory experiments, the addition of different sugars (sucrose in dosages of 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mol l(-1), glucose in dosages of 0.05 and 0.1 mol l(-1)) and organic residues (sugar beet residues in dosages of 33 and 330 g fresh weight l(-1), biowaste at 50 g fresh weight l(-1)) to cattle slurry resulted in a considerable decrease in pH, with a minimum pH of 4.7. A subsequent pH increase indicated that the organic acids were probably further degraded with a resultant loss of acidity in the slurry. In a field study, the NH3 emissions from untreated and acidified (pH = 6) slurries were compared after field application (20 m3 ha(-1)). During the first 20 hours, the acidified slurry showed NH3 emissions of less than 5% of the applied ammonia compared to a 26% loss from the untreated slurry. The total emissions of NH4+-N were 32% for acidified and 54% for untreated slurry. Easily degradable organic amendments therefore have the potential to effectively reduce NH3 emissions from slurries and may be an alternative for the use of acids.
Ammonia↗
Characterization of the human and mouse sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P5 (Edg-8): structure-activity relationship of sphingosine1-phosphate receptors.
Five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1)/Edg-1, S1P(3)/Edg-3, S1P(2)/Edg-5, S1P(4)/Edg-6, and S1P(5)/Edg-8) for the intercellular lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate have been cloned and characterized. We found human and mouse sequences closely related to rat S1P(5) (97% identical amino acids) and report now the characterization of the human and mouse S1P(5) gene products as encoding sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. When HEK293T cells were cotransfected with S1P(5) and G protein DNAs, prepared membranes showed sphingosine 1-phosphate concentration-dependent increases in [gamma-(35)S]GTP binding (EC(50) = 12.7 nM). The lipid mediator inhibited forskolin-driven rises in cAMP by greater than 80% after introduction of the mouse or human S1P(5) DNAs into rat hepatoma RH7777 cells (IC(50) = 0.22 nM). This response is blocked fully by prior treatment of cultures with pertussis toxin, thus implicating signaling through G(i/o)alpha proteins. Northern blot analysis showed high expression of human S1P(5) mRNA in spleen, corpus collosum, peripheral blood leukocytes, placenta, lung, aorta, and fetal tissues. Mouse S1P(5) mRNA is also expressed in spleen and brain. Finally, we found that one enantiomer of a sphingosine 1-phosphate analogue wherein the 3-hydroxyl and 4,5-olefin are replaced by an amide functionality shows some selectivity as an agonist S1P(1) and S1P(3) vs S1P(2) and S1P(5).
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Sieve analysis: methods for assessing from vaccine trial data how vaccine efficacy varies with genotypic and phenotypic pathogen variation.
A key component in the evaluation of efficacy of a vaccine to protect against disease caused by an antigenically diverse infectious pathogen in a preventative vaccine trial is assessing how vaccine-induced protection depends on genotypic and phenotypic variations of the exposing pathogen. This assessment is made by comparing pathogen isolates between infected vaccinated subjects and infected unvaccinated subjects. A survey of efficacy trial reports reveals a lack of systematic, quantitative investigation in this question. Analysis tools for testing if vaccine protection against disease is superior against some pathogen strains, and for estimating the magnitude of this differential vaccine protection, are described. The broad applicability of the methods is illustrated through analysis of isolates taken from persons infected while participating in vaccine trails for cholera, HIV-1, hepatitis B, rotavirus, and pneumococcus. These analyses reveal intriguing trends for Genentech's monovalent rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine, for two whole-killed-cell oral cholera vaccines, and for other vaccines.
Cholera↗
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles for group B streptococci isolated from neonates, 1995-1998.
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were analyzed for 119 invasive and 227 colonizing strains of group B streptococci isolated from neonates at 6 US academic centers. All strains were susceptible to penicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and cefotaxime. The rate of resistance to erythromycin was 20.2% and to clindamycin was 6.9%. Resistance to erythromycin increased in 1997. Type V strains were more resistant to erythromycin than were type Ia (P=.003) and type Ib (P=.004) strains and were more resistant to clindamycin than were type Ia (P<.001), type Ib (P=.01), and type III (P=.001) strains. Resistance rates varied with geographic region: in California, there were high rates of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (32% and 12%, respectively), and low rates in Florida (8.5% and 2.1%, respectively). Penicillin continues to be the drug of choice for treatment of group B streptococcus infection. For women who are penicillin intolerant, however, the selection of an alternative antibiotic should be guided by contemporary resistance patterns observed in that region.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Group-specific antibody levels surrounding invasive pneumococcal illness in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Pneumococcal antibody levels surrounding systemic pneumococcal illness (SPI) were measured in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Archived serum samples were collected from 28 HIV-infected children who had 34 cases of SPI, caused by pneumococcal groups 4, 6, 9, 14, 19, and 23. Serum samples collected within 23 weeks before and 13 weeks after the SPI were assayed by ELISA for antipneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) IgG antibody to 6 representative pneumococcal serotypes. There was a wide range (0. 16-30.80 microg/mL) of pre-SPI anti-PnPs antibody levels to the presumed infecting serotypes, with a geometric mean level of 0.83 microg/mL (n=34). Seventy-six percent of the antibody values were <2.0 microg/mL, and 95% were <5.0 microg/mL. Homologous seroresponses (>/=4-fold rise in anti-PnPs antibody) were detected in only 4 (27%) of 15 paired serum samples. Heterologous, noninfecting group seroresponses were detected frequently (72%) in the paired serum samples from these 4 homologous group seroresponders.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
Brain trauma in aged transgenic mice induces regression of established abeta deposits.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is not known if TBI affects the progression of AD. To address this question, we studied the neuropathological consequences of TBI in transgenic (TG) mice with a mutant human Abeta precursor protein (APP) mini-gene driven by a platelet-derived (PD) growth factor promoter resulting in overexpression of mutant APP (V717F), elevated brain Abeta levels, and AD-like amyloidosis. Since brain Abeta deposits first appear in 6-month-old TG (PDAPP) mice and accumulate with age, 2-year-old PDAPP and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI or sham treatment. At 1, 9, and 16 weeks after TBI, neuron loss, gliosis, and atrophy were most prominent near the CCI site in PDAPP and WT mice. However, there also was a remarkable regression in the Abeta amyloid plaque burden in the hippocampus ipsilateral to TBI compared to the contralateral hippocampus of the PDAPP mice by 16 weeks postinjury. Thus, these data suggest that previously accumulated Abeta plaques resulting from progressive amyloidosis in the AD brain also may be reversible.
Aging↗
Adverse reactions to vaccines in the tropics.
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Female↗
Using (1)H magnetic resonance imaging and complementary analytical techniques to characterize developmental changes in the Zantedeschia Spreng. tuber.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and complementary analytical techniques were used to examine tissue structure and developmental changes occurring during active growth in the root tuber of ZANTEDESCHIA: Spreng. cv. Chianti, a commercially significant cut flower. Plants were observed during the period of leaf senescence and tuberization at the end of the first growth cycle of micropropagated plantlets and, following cool storage to break endodormancy, during development occurring after the replanting of ecodormant tubers. MRI distinguished two distinct regions within the tuber, and the differences in the binding state of water in the two regions were reflected in differences in tissue morphology and function. An abundance of free water was observed in tissue comprised of large parenchyma cells, at the base of the tuber. This tissue appeared to be involved in maintaining the viability of the plant during the period of dormancy, a function indicated primarily by increased metabolic activity in this tissue during dormancy, and reduced metabolic activity during periods of active growth. In contrast, water was more tightly bound in tissue comprised of small parenchyma cells. This tissue appeared to operate as a region for dynamic carbohydrate storage. The initial increase in the free water content of this tissue during the growth phase was linked to the mobilization of starch during canopy development. The subsequent decrease in free water in the remainder of the growth period was linked to the reaccumulation of starch while the tuber functioned as a sink for photosynthate prior to canopy senescence.
Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is activated in neurons after focal cerebral ischemia.
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a multisubunit transcription factor that when activated induces the expression of genes encoding acute-phase proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell surface receptors, and cytokines. NF-kappaB is composed of a variety of protein subunits of which p50-and p65-kDa (RelA) are the most widely studied. Under resting conditions, these subunits reside in the cytoplasm as an inactive complex bound by inhibitor proteins, IkappaB alpha and IkappaB beta. On activation, IkappaB is phosphorylated by IkappaB kinase and ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome; simultaneously, the active heterodimer translocates to the nucleus where it can initiate gene transcription. In the periphery, NF-kappaB is involved in inflammation through stimulation of the production of inflammatory mediators. The role of NF-kappaB in the brain is unclear. In vitro, NF-kappaB activation can be either protective or deleterious. The role of NF-kappaB in ischemic neuronal cell death in vivo was investigated. Adult male rats were subjected to 2 hours of focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 2, 6, and 12 hours after reperfusion, the expression and transactivation of NF-kappaB in ischemic versus nonischemic cortex and striatum were determined by immunocytochemistry and by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis. At all time points studied, p50 and p65 immunoreactivity was found exclusively in the nuclei of cortical and striatal neurons in the ischemic hemisphere. The contralateral nonischemic hemisphere showed no evidence of nuclear NF-kappaB immunoreactivity. Double immunofluorescence confirmed expression of p50 in nuclei of neurons. Increased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts prepared from the ischemic hemisphere was further substantiated by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis. Because the activation of NF-kappaB by many stimuli can be blocked by antioxidants in vitro, the effect of the antioxidant, LY341122, previously shown to be neuroprotective, on NF-kappaB activation in the MCAO model was evaluated. No significant activation of NF-kappaB was found by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis in animals treated with LY341122. These results demonstrate that transient focal cerebral ischemia results in activation of NF-kappaB in neurons and supports previous observations that neuroprotective antioxidants may inhibit neuronal death by preventing the activation of NF-kappaB.
Animals↗
Evaluating vaccine safety before and after licensure.
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Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
Traumatic brain injury in young, amyloid-beta peptide overexpressing transgenic mice induces marked ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy and diminished Abeta deposition during aging.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an epigenetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test the hypothesis that TBI contributes to the onset and/or progression of AD-like beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) deposits, we studied the long-term effects of TBI in transgenic mice that overexpress human Abeta from a mutant Abeta precursor protein (APP) minigene driven by a platelet derived (PD) growth factor promoter (PDAPP mice). TBI was induced in 4-month-old PDAPP and wild type (WT) mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Because Abeta begins to deposit progressively in the PDAPP brain by 6 months, we examined WT and PDAPP mice at 2, 5, and 8 months after TBI or sham treatment (i.e., at 6, 9, and 12 months of age). Hippocampal atrophy in the PDAPP mice was more severe ipsilateral versus contralateral to TBI, and immunohistochemical studies with antibodies to different Abeta peptides demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in hippocampus and cingulate cortex Abeta deposits ipsilateral versus contralateral to CCI in 9-12 month-old PDAPP mice. Hippocampal atrophy and reduced Abeta deposits were not seen in hippocampus or cingulate cortex of sham-injured PDAPP mice or in any WT mice. These data suggest that the vulnerability of brain cells to Abeta toxicity increases and that the accumulation of Abeta deposits decrease in the penumbra of CCI months after TBI. Thus, in addition to providing unique opportunities for elucidating genetic mechanisms of AD, transgenic mice that recapitulate AD pathology also may be relevant animal models for investigating the poorly understood role that TBI and other epigenetic risk factors play in the onset and/or progression of AD.
Alzheimer Disease↗
Typhoid fever vaccines.
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Bacterial Vaccines↗
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is induced in reactive glia following different forms of neurodegeneration.
Many recent studies have emphasized the deleterious role of inflammation in CNS injury. Increases in free fatty acids, eicosanoids, and products of lipid peroxidation are known to occur in various conditions of acute and chronic CNS injury, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. Although an inflammatory response can be induced by many different means, phospholipases, such as cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), may play an important role in the production of inflammatory mediators and in the production of other potential second messengers. cPLA(2) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids and its activity liberates free fatty acids leading directly to the production of eicosanoids. We investigated the cellular localization of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in the CNS following: (1) focal and global cerebral ischemia, (2) facial nerve axotomy, (3) human cases of Alzheimer's disease, (4) transgenic mice overexpressing mutant superoxide dismutase, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and (5) transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein, which exhibits age-related amyloid deposition characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. We show that in every condition evaluated, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is present in reactive glial cells within the precise region of neuron loss. In conditions where neurons did not degenerate or are protected from death, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is not observed. Both astrocytes and microglial cells are immunoreactive for cytosolic phospholipase A(2) following injury, with astrocytes being the most consistent cell type expressing cytosolic phospholipase A(2). The presence of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) does not merely overlap with reactive astroglia, as reactive astrocytes were observed that did not exhibit cytosolic phospholipase A(2) immunoreactivity. In most conditions evaluated, inflammatory processes have been postulated to play a pivotal role and may even participate in neuronal cell death. These results suggest that cytosolic phospholipase A(2) may prove an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegeneration.
Alzheimer Disease↗
Public health considerations for the introduction of new rotavirus vaccines for infants: a case study of tetravalent rhesus rotavirus-based reassortant vaccine.
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Animals↗
Early initiation of breastfeeding and the risk of infant diarrhea in rural Egypt.
BACKGROUND: Initiation of breastfeeding shortly after delivery may enhance breastfeeding's protective effect against diarrhea because of the protective properties of human colostrum contained in early breast milk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether initiation of breastfeeding within the first 3 days of life, when breast milk contains colostrum, was associated with a lower rate of diarrhea in rural Egyptian infants during the first 6 months of life. METHODS: Infants initially breastfed (n = 198) were monitored prospectively with twice-weekly home visits to ascertain dietary practices and diarrheal illnesses. RESULTS: The burden of diarrhea during the first 6 months of life in the cohort was high: seven episodes per child-year of follow-up. Only 151 (76%) infants initiated breastfeeding during the first 3 days of life ("early initiation"). Infants in whom breastfeeding was initiated early had a 26% (95% CI: 2%,44%) lower rate of diarrhea than those initiated late. The protective association between early initiation and diarrhea was independent of the pattern of postinitiation dietary practices and was evident throughout the first 6 months of life. CONCLUSIONS: Early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with a marked reduction of the rate of diarrhea throughout the first 6 months of life, possibly because of the salutary effects of human colostrum. These data highlight the need for interventions to encourage early initiation of breastfeeding in less developed settings.
Breast Feeding↗