Changes in clinical and laboratory findings in cats with hyperthyroidism from 1983 to 1993.
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Alanine Transaminase↗
Biomedical subjects
J D Broussard
Publications and source records attributed to J D Broussard.
Increased serum D-lactate associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
We hypothesized that serum D-lactate may be increased in vivo in diabetes mellitus as a result of increased glucose flux through the glyoxalase pathway and/or via hepatic ketone metabolism. Levels of D-lactate and related metabolic intermediates were measured in 30 cats with spontaneous diabetes mellitus and in one ketoacidotic nondiabetic cat. Serum D-lactate was significantly (P = .0051) elevated in cats with ketoacidosis (337.2 +/- 70.2 mumol/L) as compared with nonketoacidotic diabetic (140.3 +/- 58.8) and control (25.0 + 6.5) cats. Two nonketoacidotic cats also had high levels of D-lactate. There was a significant linear correlation (r = .684, P = .0001) between D-lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Serum D-lactate did not correlate with serum glucose (r = .078, P = .6825), and in vitro erythrocyte D-lactate formation did not increase in the presence of hyperglycemia. These data suggest that hepatic ketone metabolism, rather than hyperglycemia, may be a major source of serum D-lactate in diabetics.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
Insulin therapy.
Insulin therapy is the most important treatment aspect of diabetes mellitus. Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, a variety of insulin formulations have been developed. The purpose of this article is to describe the current sources, formulations, and types of insulins available for therapy of diabetes mellitus in small animals and to provide the veterinarian with guidelines for insulin therapy in dogs and cats.
Animals↗
Comparison of two ultralente insulin preparations with protamine zinc insulin in clinically normal cats.
The absorption kinetics and glycemic effects of 3 long-acting insulin preparations (protamine zinc beef-pork insulin, ultralente beef-pork insulin, and ultralente human insulin) were evaluated in 9 healthy, adult, domestic shorthair cats (6 males, 3 females). A triple crossover study was performed, in which the serial serum concentrations of insulin and glucose were determined over a 24-hour period after SC administration of the 3 insulin preparations (dosage, 1.0 U/kg of body weight) at 3-week intervals. A control study was also performed in 4 of the cats by serially collecting samples for insulin and glucose determinations after administration of insulin diluent. After administration of protamine zinc insulin (PZI), mean (+/- SEM) serum insulin concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) above baseline, reached a peak value (484 +/- 287 pmol/L) at 1 hour, and remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than baseline at 24 hours. After administration of ultralente human insulin, the serum insulin curve was similar to that obtained after PZI administration, but mean serum insulin concentration took longer to peak (538 +/- 177 pmol/L at 4 hours). After administration of ultralente beef-pork insulin, mean peak serum insulin concentration was lower (220 +/- 54 pmol/L, not statistically significant) than that obtained after administration of PZI and ultralente human insulins; it then decreased to values statistically indistinguishable from baseline by 16 hours. The area under the serum insulin concentration curve for PZI (5,063 +/- 681 pmol x h/L) and ultralente human insulin (4,138 +/- 439 pmol x h/L) was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that for ultralente beef-pork insulin (2,378 +/- 561 pmol x h/L).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Use of the thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test to diagnose mild hyperthyroidism in cats.
We evaluated serum T4 and T3 concentrations before and after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in 35 cats with mild to moderate hyperthyroidism, 15 cats with nonthyroidal disease, and 31 clinically normal cats. The TRH stimulation test was performed by collecting blood for serum T4 and T3 determinations before and 4 hours after IV administration of 0.1 mg/kg TRH. Mean basal serum thyroid hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid cats were significantly (P < .05) higher than concentrations in normal cats and in those with nonthyroidal disease, but there was considerable overlap among the 3 groups. After administration of TRH, mean serum T4 concentrations increased significantly in all groups of cats, whereas mean T3 concentrations increased significantly in normal cats and in those with nonthyroidal disease, but not in cats with hyperthyroidism. The absolute difference between mean basal and TRH-stimulated serum concentrations of T4 in cats with hyperthyroidism (10.7 nmol/L) was significantly lower than the difference in the cats with nonthyroidal disease (20.0 nmol/L) and in clinically normal cats (28.3 nmol/L), but there was considerable overlap in values among groups. The mean value for relative change in serum T4 concentration after TRH was significantly lower in cats with hyperthyroidism (18.9%) than in those with nonthyroidal disease (110.0%) and in clinically normal cats (130.2%). Serum T4 concentrations increased by > 50% in all normal cats and cats with nonthyroidal disease, whereas only 4 (11.4%) of the 35 hyperthyroid cats had an increase of > 50% after TRH administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Heinz body formation associated with ketoacidosis in diabetic cats.
Oxidative damage plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and diabetic complications. Feline hemoglobin is uniquely susceptible to oxidative denaturation; therefore, Heinz body formation is a highly sensitive indicator of in vivo oxidative stress in this species. Heinz bodies also contribute to anemia. We investigated hematological and clinical biochemical changes in 30 cats with spontaneous diabetes mellitus (as compared to 15 healthy control cats) and evaluated the relationship of these changes to erythrocyte oxidative damage. Cats were categorized as ketoacidotic or nonketoacidotic based on their clinical presentation and the presence of urine ketones. Ketoacidotic cats had significantly (P = .0009) more Heinz bodies (28.3% +/- 9.1%) than nonketotic diabetic cats (6.5% +/- 1.60%) and healthy control cats (0.6% +/- 0.2%). Percent Heinz bodies in diabetic cats directly correlated with plasma beta-hydroxy-butyrate concentration (r = .622; P = .0002), as well as with serum chloride concentration (r = -0.576; P = 0.0009) and the number of monocytes (r = .536; P = .0023). Percent Heinz bodies were negatively correlated with erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. Erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation was slightly but not significantly increased in diabetic cats. There were no significant associations between percent Heinz bodies and degree of anemia, hyperglycemia, or glycohemoglobin. These data indicate that ketones are associated with oxidative hemoglobin damage in cats, and suggest that ketone metabolism, ie by cytochrome P450 2E1, may be a potential source of in vivo oxygen radical generation in animals with ketosis.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
Electrocardiographic and radiographic changes in cats with hyperthyroidism: comparison of populations evaluated during 1992-1993 vs. 1979-1982.
Cardiovascular manifestations of feline hyperthyroidism were compared in two populations of cats diagnosed at The Animal Medical Center from 1992 to 1993 (n=202) and 1979 to 1982 (n = 131). The prevalence of sinus tachycardia and increased R-wave voltage in lead II were both lower in the 1993 population compared with the 1982 population (p less than 0.001). A low frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and intraventricular conduction abnormalities were recorded in both populations. No significant differences between populations were recorded in the number of cats with mild, moderate, and severe cardiomegaly seen on thoracic radiographs. The percentage of cats in which radiographs were deemed clinically necessary based upon history and clinical examination was 25% of the 1993 population, compared with 63% of the 1982 population. The number of cats with radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure was 8% in 1993 compared with 20% in 1982, although this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the incidence and severity of certain thyrotoxic cardiovascular manifestations were reduced in cats diagnosed between 1992 and 1993 compared with those diagnosed between 1979 and 1982.
Animals↗