High-frequency ventilation and tracheal injuries.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J D Cornish
Publications and source records attributed to J D Cornish.
Declining frequency of circumcision: implications for changes in the absolute incidence and male to female sex ratio of urinary tract infections in early infancy.
The results of an investigation examining the circumcision frequency rate and its effect on the incidence of urinary tract infections in a large, widely dispersed population base during the 10-year period since the 1975 report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Ad Hoc Task Force on Circumcision are reported. Our study population included the 427,698 infants born in all United States Army hospitals, worldwide, from Jan 1, 1975, through Dec 31, 1984. There was an initial plateau in the circumcision frequency rate at approximately 85% during the first 4 years of the study period. In the subsequent 6 years there was a steady, significant decrease (P less than .001) of 1.4% to 4.0% per year through 1984, when the circumcision frequency rate reached its nadir of 70.5%. There was a concomitant increase in the total number of urinary tract infections among male infants (P less than .02) as the circumcision rate declined. This increase was due to the increase in the overall number of uncircumcised boys (who had a greater than 11-fold increased infection rate compared with circumcised boys). During the first half of the study period, there was a female predominance for urinary tract infections from birth onward. As the number of circumcised boys decreased (with a resultant increase in the total number of boys with infection), the male to female ratio of urinary tract infections during the first 3 months of life reversed, reflecting a movement toward a male predominance for infection in early infancy. This is the first, well-documented report of a decreasing rate of circumcisions performed on the American male population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Dense pulmonary opacification in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Chest radiographic findings in three neonates with respiratory failure secondary to meconium aspiration treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are described. The degree of pulmonary opacification on the chest radiographs failed to correlate with the patients' clinical status as measured by the arterial oxygen levels but correlated well with the peak airway pressure (PAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) settings on the mechanical ventilator. Because a variable portion of the arterial blood oxygenation is performed by the extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and unusually large fluctuations in airway pressure settings can occur in these patients while on ECMO, it is important to realize that the chest radiograph may not be an accurate predictor of the patients' clinical status.
Extracorporeal Circulation↗
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema treated by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
Twenty-seven low birth weight infants who developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and respiratory failure while on conventional ventilation were treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The mean birth weight was 1.2 kg (range 0.55 to 2) with gestational age of 28 wk (range 25 to 34). Ten patients died, six of whom had documented sepsis with shock and were therefore excluded from analysis. All patients showed initial improvement on HFOV. Surviving patients showed continued improvement in oxygenation and ventilation at increasingly lower fraction of inspired oxygen and proximal airway pressure with resolution of PIE, while nonsurvivors progressively developed chronic respiratory insufficiency with continued PIE from which recovery was not possible. Overall survival in nonseptic patients was 80% (16 of 20). We found HFOV to be effective in the treatment of PIE and hypothesize that interstitial airleak is decreased during HFOV because adequate ventilation is provided at lower peak distal airway pressures.
Critical Care↗
Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on body water content and distribution of baboon neonates.
Water contents of the various body compartments were estimated before and after a 7- to 10-h period of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in five healthy baboon neonates. Total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume were estimated simultaneously by antipyrine, bromide, and T-1824 dilution. Volumes of intracellular water, interstitial water, and blood and red cells were calculated from the experimental estimates. Mean preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation estimates of body water volume were in agreement with those previously reported in baboon neonates. During extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, no statistically significant changes occurred in the water content of the various body compartments. This absence of changes was contrasted to the changes demonstrated in human infants and adults undergoing intracardiac surgery with extracorporeal oxygenation and hypothermia and various hypotheses were put forward to explain the different changes observed.
Animals↗
Fresh frozen plasma partial exchange transfusion and necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous↗
Neonatal polycythemia: frequency of clinical manifestations and other associated findings.
We report the results of a two-part study examining the frequency of symptoms and other findings associated with neonatal polycythemia. In the first part of the investigation, we evaluated the occurrence and features of the disorder in a cohort of 3,768 infants born at our institution that had been screened for the disorder during a 4-year period. Fifty-five infants (1.46%) had neonatal polycythemia. Of these infants, 85% had features associated with the disorder. Frequent signs and symptoms included "feeding problems" (21.8%), plethora (20.0%), lethargy (14.5%), cyanosis (14.5%), respiratory distress (9.1%), jitteriness (7.3%), and hypotonia (7.3%). Other findings included hypoglycemia (40.0%) and hyperbilirubinemia (21.8%). Of the polycythemic infants, 14.5% had no clinical symptoms or associated laboratory abnormalities. In the second portion of the study, we reviewed the features of polycythemia in all infants so diagnosed who were born in United States Army hospitals, worldwide, during a 5-year period. There were 220,050 infants born during this period; 932 (0.42%) were diagnosed as having neonatal polycythemia. Frequent findings were hyperbilirubinemia (33.5%), hypoglycemia (13.0%), and respiratory distress (6.6%). In this large group, only 13 (1.4%) had necrotizing enterocolitis, and nine (1.0%) were thrombocytopenic. Several findings among the 932 infants were unexpected. Six of the infants (only one premature) had intracranial hemorrhages. Additionally, three of the 932 had gonadal dysgenesis and three had cystic fibrosis. We found that premature infants were not less prone to having polycythemia and that the overall frequency of the disorder was less than that which has been previously reported.
Birth Weight↗
High-frequency ventilation compared to conventional positive-pressure ventilation in the treatment of hyaline membrane disease in primates.
High-frequency ventilation (HFV) has been suggested as an alternative to conventional positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) in the treatment of infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Using a previously validated primate model of HMD, 15 baboon fetuses were delivered at 75% of gestation and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 ventilator treatment groups: PPV, HFV delivered by an oscillator (HFO), or HFV delivered by a flow interrupter (HFFI). All animals had clinical and radiographic evidence of HMD. At 96 h of life, all animals were sacrificed and clinical and pathologic findings were analyzed. During the first 10 h of the experiment, the HFO animals required higher mean proximal airway pressures than either the HFFI or PPV groups. However, both the HFFI and HFO animals had higher PaO2/PAO2 ratios than the PPV controls, suggesting earlier saccular recruitment. Thus, HFV is as effective as PPV in the treatment of HMD in baboons. Whether it will decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not known.
Animals↗
Frequency of antibody to a virus-induced tumor-associated antigen (AG-4) in Japanese sera from patients with cervical cancer and controls.
Microquantitative complement fixation was used to detect antibody to AG-4, a tumor-associated herpesvirus type 2-induced antigen, in sera from Japanese patients with cervical neoplasia. The prevalence of antibody to AG-4 in cervical cancer patients is 47% as compared to 7% in control women. That AG-4 antibody is less prevalent in Japanese than in American cancer patients reflects the frequency of genital herpesvirus type 2 infections in Japan. These findings confirm the association of AG-4 with cervical cancer in a proportion of Japanese patients with neoplastic disease; they implicate factors other than herpesvirus type 2 in another proportion of cervical cancer patients. The possibility that herpesvirus type 1 is one of these factors is considered.
Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
Herpesvirus type 2-induced tumour-specific antigen (AG-4) and specific antibody in patients with cervical cancer and controls.
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Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
Comparison of a new venous control device with a bladder box system for use in ECMO.
During extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), forward pump flow must not be allowed to exceed the rate of blood drainage from the patient so that excessive negative pressure does not develop within the ECMO circuit or in the patient's right atrium. A distensible reservoir ("bladder") and mechanically actuated electronic switch ("bladder box"), has typically been used for this purpose. If the rate of blood flow from the patient to the pump is insufficient to support the perfusion rate desired and adjustments in volume status and catheter position do not increase blood drainage, the only recourse is to increase the siphon pressure by elevating the patient. At the author's institution, a novel venous control module (VCM), without a reservoir, that can provide increased venous drainage without elevating the patient is used. Using an in vitro model of neonatal ECMO, the authors' compared their VCM to a commercially available "bladder box" system. Pressures were monitored in a collapsible chamber inside a water bath (simulating the right atrium), at the gravitational high point of the ECMO circuit ("neck site") and at the low point of the circuit ("venous site") at flow rates of 100, 450, 900, and 1,300 cc/min. Pump shut-off characteristics for both systems were also measured with either sudden interruption of venous drainage ("cross-clamping") or restriction of venous inflow ("hypovolemia"). Under continuous flow conditions, higher flows could be achieved with the VCM. With acute venous catheter occlusion, instantaneous ("trough") pressures at the neck site were lower, and venous monitoring site pressures were higher with the bladder box system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Equipment Design↗
Use of umbilical vessels for neonatal ECMO cannulation: possibilities and precautions.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is being employed with increasing frequency for the treatment of neonates with severe cardiac or respiratory failure. The risks related both to carotid artery and jugular vein ligation continue to cause concern. Use of umbilical vessels for vascular access in ECMO could eliminate many of these risks. The experience to date with this approach is summarized, along with case reports of three patients treated at our center in whom the umbilical vein was cannulated to augment venous drainage. One patient died of causes unrelated to umbilical vein cannulation. One had an uneventful ECMO course and is a normal survivor, and one developed a tension hemopericardium as a complication of the umbilical vein cannulation, but is a normal survivor. Potential risks and benefits of this approach are reviewed.
Catheterization, Peripheral↗
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a means of stabilizing and transporting high risk neonates.
Term or near term newborns whose severity of cardiac or respiratory failure makes them candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are often too unstable to be safely transported to an ECMO-competent center. Faced with a large military and civilian referral population that is distributed across the entire continental United States, the authors have addressed this dilemma by developing a transportable ECMO system that can be taken to the referring hospital in a small transport aircraft. This system was on hand, but was not required, to stabilize and transport the infant in question in four cases. All had uneventful transports. Thirteen infants were placed on ECMO at their referring hospitals, one of whom died shortly after the institution of bypass. The remaining 12 infants were stabilized and transported successfully on ECMO over distances ranging from 17 to 1,437 miles, with 11 of these being long distance air transports. Four patients are long-term survivors. The authors conclude that a properly configured and managed ECMO system can effectively stabilize and transport even extremely ill neonates if the pertinent physiologic and aeromedical considerations are addressed.
Aerospace Medicine↗