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Biomedical subjects

J D Druce

Publications and source records attributed to J D Druce.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Individuals from North America, Australasia, and Africa are infected with four different genotypes of human herpesvirus 8.

To study human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) transmission between individuals and in populations, we developed a system for genetic fingerprinting of HHV-8 strains based on variation in the HHV-8 K1, glycoprotein B (gB), and glycoprotein H (gH) genes. Using this system, we sequenced nearly the entire K1 gene (840 bp); two segments of the gB gene (open reading frame 8), totaling 813 bp; and a 702-bp segment of the gH gene (open reading frame 22) from blood and tissue samples obtained from 40 human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected individuals, including those with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, or Castleman's disease. The specimen collection was assembled from individuals living in diverse geographical locations, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda, and Zambia. As reported by others, K1 was the most variable gene, with up to 16% variation at the nucleotide sequence level and up to 32% variation at the amino acid sequence level. Despite this extensive sequence variation, the K1 amino acid sequence contained 14 conserved cysteine sites, suggesting a conserved tertiary structure. gB and gH sequences were highly conserved, in most cases differing by <0.6% in pairwise comparisons. K1 was the most useful gene for strain discrimination, but the other genes enabled the discrimination of strains with identical K1 sequences. Individuals from diverse geographic locations were infected with four different HHV-8 genotypes; strains did not strictly segregate by continent of origin. The majority of HHV-8 strains from the United States and Europe were relatively closely related, whereas some strains identified from Uganda and Australia were phylogenetically distant. Genotype I strains were the most common and were found on three continents. Identical sequences were found in specimens obtained from different body sites and at different times from the same individual.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1999

Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate.

Norwalk and Norwalk virus-like particles (NVLPs) [also known as small round structured viruses (SRSVs)] are members of the family Caliciviridae and are important causes of gastroenteritis in humans. Little is known about their survival in the environment or the disinfection procedures necessary to remove them from contaminated settings. As NVLPs cannot be grown in tissue culture, survival studies require the use of a closely related cultivable virus. This study assesses the survival of the surrogate feline calicivirus (FCV) after exposure to commercially available disinfectants and a range of environmental conditions. Disinfectants tested included glutaraldehyde, iodine, hypochlorite, a quaternary ammonium-based product, an anionic detergent and ethanol. Complete inactivation of FCV required exposure to 1000 ppm freshly reconstituted granular hypochlorite, or 5000 ppm pre-reconstituted hypochlorite solution. Glutaraldehyde and the iodine-based product effectively inactivated FCV whereas the quaternary ammonium product, detergent and ethanol failed to completely inactivate the virus. The stability of FCV in suspension and in a dried state was assessed after exposure to 4 degrees C, room temperature (20 degrees C) and 37 degrees C. With increasing temperature, the stability of FCV was found to diminish both in suspension and in the dried state. FCV in the dried state did not survive for one day at 37 degrees C. This study provides a basis for establishing guidelines for disinfection protocols to decrease the spread of NVLPs in a community setting.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Transmission of human and feline immunodeficiency viruses via reused suture material.

Several documented cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have involved unconventional or unknown modes of transmission of the virus. Some such cases have occurred within a surgical setting. We investigated the potential for transmission of HIV on suture material that had been reused following passage through an HIV-infected patient. Initial experiments were conducted in vitro using HIV. To provide stronger evidence that HIV could be transmitted via this route, further experiments were undertaken in vivo using a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)/cat model. Both methods indicated the possibility of transmission of virus if suture materials were reused.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Isolation of HIV-1 from experimentally contaminated multidose local anaesthetic vials.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis that HIV can be transmitted via contamination of multidose vials of local anaesthetic solution through reuse of needles and syringes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Laboratory study. (1) By experiments with multidose vials and disposable needles and syringes, we identified a sequence of events in which HIV could contaminate the anaesthetic solution. (2) Three anaesthetic solutions were contaminated with a laboratory strain of HIV and tested by viral culture and p24 enzyme immunoassay one, two and four hours later to see how long the virus remained active. RESULTS: (1) Needles and syringes retained small volumes of fluid after use (mean, 25 microL; in syringe alone, mean 16 microL) which could be transferred to multidose vials of local anaesthetic. (2) 10 mL of anaesthetic solution contaminated with 8 microL of HIV-infected solution (equivalent to 1% infected lymphocytes in vivo) contained active virus one hour later. In some settings, HIV could be isolated four hours after exposure. CONCLUSION: When inadvertently contaminated with HIV, multidose solutions represent a potential source of transmissible virus.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1995

Susceptibility of HIV to inactivation by disinfectants and ultraviolet light.

Assays were developed to assess a variety of conditions and presentations of infectious HIV to potential inactivating sources. A range of commercially available disinfectants with active constituents including glutaraldehyde, chlorine, phenolics, alcohol, iodine and quaternary ammonium compounds was tested. In addition, u.v. light was investigated as a potential inactivating source. All products were assessed against cell-free HIV in culture medium and cell-associated HIV suspended in medium or whole human blood. All products completely inactivated cell-free HIV following a 1 min exposure. However, cell-associated HIV was more resilient, requiring exposure of 5 min or more for some disinfectants. The effectiveness of the disinfectants was further compromised in the presence of blood.

Blood↗