Vitamin A, childhood mortality, foresight and epidemiology.
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Child↗
Biomedical subjects
J D Hansen
Publications and source records attributed to J D Hansen.
Comparison of the sodium contents of six commonly recommended oral rehydration solutions.
The sodium contents of six differently prepared oral rehydration solutions (ORS) were measured. A total of 452 solutions were prepared in our gastro-enteritis unit. The finger-pinch-and-cup method produced sodium values that were too high and too variable. The most acceptable sodium level was achieved using half a 5 ml medicine teaspoon or 1 level common household teaspoon of salt in 1 litre of water. Half a commonly available household teaspoon of salt caused sodium levels to be low but still acceptable and safe. We recommend that half a teaspoon of salt in 1 litre of water be used when preparing an ORS.
Fluid Therapy↗
John Fleming Brock.
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Education, Medical↗
Timing and magnitude of adolescent growth in height and weight in Cape coloured children after kwashiorkor.
One hundred sixteen patients who had had kwashiorkor between the ages of 5 months and 4 4/12 years and 89 controls were the subjects of a 15-year follow-up study of their growth and development. We report the findings of a longitudinal analysis of 53 (30 females) of the ex-patients and 30 (15 females) of the controls, selected because at the end of 15 years of study they conformed to the criteria of adult secondary sexual characteristics, height velocity less than 2 cm/yr, and completeness of data. Nonlinear curve-fitting techniques were applied to the height and weight data for these subjects using the Preece-Baines model 1 growth function to determine the timing and magnitude of adolescent growth spurts and the associated biologic changes. Both ex-patients and controls grew below the 25th percentile of British longitudinal standards, but the male ex-patients were heavier, and perhaps taller, than the controls for most of their childhood and adolescence. Velocity curves indicated that the ex-patients had higher pre-adolescent peak increments than the controls and a generally longer growth spurt of reduced magnitude. Two possible explanations are discussed: Garrow and Pike's theory that children with kwashiorkor have a genetic potential for greater physical growth, and a socioeconomic crisis occurring within a family affects the youngest child, who subsequently requires a longer time to recover than do siblings within an improving socioeconomic situation.
Black People↗
Evaluation of high-protein supplements in children with protein energy malnutrition.
The present study was designed to test the comparative efficacy of cow's milk, a protein, vitamin and mineral mixture (PVM) and soybean textured vegetable protein (SOMOS) as supplements to maize meal porridge in the dietary treatment of children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Each diet was designed to provide approximately 480 kJ/kg with 2 protein/kg from the test protein, and 1,8 g protein/kg from maize. Response to treatment was measured by loss of oedema, subsequent weight gain, rate of generation of serum albumin, and serum amino acid patterns. In 36 children studied to date the three dietary regimens all produced satisfactory rates of cure of PEM. The clinical and economic implications of these results are discussed.
Amino Acids↗
The role of the doctor in the changing health service.
During the last quarter of a century there has been a gradual change in the doctor's role from that of being the personal provider of medical care to that of the leader of a health care team which is placing increasing emphasis on promotive and preventive health. For the doctor this has necessitated learning additional skills, particularly in the delegation of specific tasks to nurses and other paramedical personnel, the co-ordination of the activities of the health care team, and in teaching and management. The new Health Act of 1977 will enable doctors to develop along these new lines by making closer liaison between hospital and community-based services possible. These new trends in medical care will in turn require urgent re-orientation in planning for new buildings and facilities in the health service; especially with a view to keeping expenditure within available resources so that health skills and knowledge can be made available to everyone.
Allied Health Personnel↗
A survey of admissions and deaths in a black paediatric department.
Patterns of paediatric illness in hospital were surveyed with a view to planning for improved community health services. High morbidity and early mortality from neonatal, nutritional, gastro-intestinal and respiratory disease reflected late referral to hospital of seriously ill children. Combined preventive, promotive and primary care clinics, health education and improved transport facilities for the sick are a high priority for the area.
Black or African American↗
Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a zinc deficiency state.
Successful therapy with zinc sulphate is reported in 3 children suffering from acroedematitis enteropathica.
Acrodermatitis↗
Prevention of coronary artery disease--how soon should one start?
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Adolescent↗
Personnel safety and foliage residue in an orchard spray program using azinphosmethyl and captan.
Residue levels of azinphosmethyl and captan were determined from blotter paper patches attached to the clothing of personnel participating in an orchard spray program. Average exposure of 1.74 mg/man/hr for azinphosmethyl and 1.94 mg/man/hr for captan were extrapolated from mean residue values obtained from analyzing the patches. Azinphosmethyl residue found on apple and peach foliage had been reached by 69% by the tenth day post-application, while captan residue had been reduced 50% for the same period. There was no evidence of a buildup of either azinphosmethyl or captan on treated foliage as the season progressed.
Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
A socio-economic, health and cultural survey in Soweto.
The socio-economic, health and nutritional status of 186 families in Diepkloof, Soweto, was studied. The results, detailed in the text, reveal considerable socio-economic ills, of which the most important is the observation that 30% of the families existed below the poverty datum line, even when there was more than one wage-earner. More emphasis on health education and the promotion by health personnel of a better understanding of the backgrounds of clinic and hospital patients are urgent priorities for health services.
Adolescent↗
Hypoglycaemia associated with severe kwashiorkor.
A study was designed to investigate the hypoglycaemia of severe kwashiorkor. The findings of significant stores of hepatic glycogen suggests that glycogenolysis was impaired. Plasma glucagon levels were relatively low, and it is suggested that this might be secondary to either a pancreatic alpha-cell defect, or inadequate sympathetic stimulation.
Blood Glucose↗
Letter to the editor: Chloramphenicol metabolism in children with PCM.
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Adult↗
Potassium retention in acute diarrhoeal disease.
Most children suffering from severe acute diarrhoeal disease had a low total body potassium (TBK) or admission to hospital. TBK fell even lower during the first 5 - 9 days in hospital, and returned to normal levels during the next 8 - 12 days. There was good correlation between potassium retention and stool weight. An increase in the potassium intake had little effect on the rate of potassium repletion.
Acute Disease↗
Total body potassium, acid-base status and serum electrolytes in acute diarrhoeal disease.
Total body potassium (TBK), acid-base status and serum electrolyte concentrations were measured in 49 children suffering from acute diarrhoeal disease, on admission and after rehydration. The TBK was usually low and the lowest values were found in those with the lowest pH. There was no relationship between TBK and serum sodium or potassium concentrations. Hyponatraemia was common as would be expected in a series containing many underweight children.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
Total body potassium, potassium retention and potassium intake in protein energy malnutrition.
The total body potassium (TBK) and potassium retention were measured during the early stages of recovery of malnourished children on three levels of potassium intake. A potassium intake of 2 mEq/kg/day resulted in significantly greater potassium retention than one of 3 mEq/kg/day. A higher level of intake (15 mEq/kg/day) did not result in an absolute increase in potassium retention and is not recommended because of its theoretical dangers, although it may have stimulated an increase in potassium capacity.
Child, Preschool↗
Total body potassium and serum electrolyte concentrations in protein energy malnutrition.
The total body potassium (TBK) and serum electrolyte concentrations of malnourished children in Cape Town are similar to those in Jamaica. The TBK is almost always low and hyponatraemia is common, but there was no relationship between the TBK and serum Na and K concentrations. These abnormalities, particularly a very low TBK, appear to influence the prognosis. The expression of the observed TBK as a percentage of the expected value for a normal child, of the same weight and height, appears to be a useful index of the severity of the total body potassium deficit.
Child, Preschool↗