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Biomedical subjects

J D Paull

Publications and source records attributed to J D Paull.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

Intraoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an alternative to physician administration during outpatient monitored anesthesia care.

Outpatients undergoing minor diagnostic and therapeutic procedures associated with intermittent discomfort are frequently given bolus injections of intravenous opioid analgesics. In a group of 80 healthy women undergoing vaginal ovum pickup procedures, we evaluated patient-controlled administration of alfentanil using a patient-controlled analgesia device (with a lockout interval of 3 min) as an alternative to conventional physician-controlled administration. The two alfentanil administration techniques were equally effective in providing intraoperative analgesia. The average alfentanil dosage requirements were 1.49 +/- 0.50 and 1.46 +/- 0.55 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 (mean +/- SD) in the physician- and patient-controlled groups, respectively. The incidence of postoperative nausea was the same in both treatment groups (8%). Even with the mandatory lockout interval, intraoperative patient-controlled administration of alfentanil was comparable to physician-controlled administration with respect to patient comfort and satisfaction during vaginal ovum pickup procedures.

Adult

The actions of tulobuterol on isolated preparations of gravid human myometrium.

1. The effects of tulobuterol (Abbott 54173) on the contractile force developed by electrically stimulated strips of gravid (gestation 36-40 weeks) human uterine muscle were compared with those of isoprenaline and adrenalin. 2. Isoprenaline produced inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of myometrium from 12 of 17 women at concentrations at or below 1 mumol/L (range 0.001-1 mumol/L). It enhanced contractions at concentrations of 10-50 mumol/L. In tissues from the remaining five women isoprenaline produced neither inhibitory nor excitatory effects. Adrenalin (0.1-50 mumol/L) was found to enhance contractile force in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 0.30 mumol/L). 3. In the presence of metoprolol (0.3 mumol/L), a selective antagonist at beta 1-adrenoceptors, the isoprenaline concentration-response relationship was shifted to the left, indicating that beta 1-adrenoceptors are present and that they mediate excitation in the human uterus. 4. In contrast tulobuterol (in neither the presence nor absence of metoprolol), in the same concentration range as isoprenaline and adrenalin, (0.001-50 mumol/L) was found to have no effect on the electrically evoked contraction of gravid human uterine muscle strips.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

The place of caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics.

Present day trainee anaesthetists could be forgiven if they finished their anaesthetic training believing that caudal anaesthesia in obstetrics is not only unnecessary, but dangerous and a relic of the past. Many anaesthetic texts teach applications and techniques which are little or no advance on the teachings of Hingson and Edwards in 1942 and reflect nothing of the true value and application of this valuable block. This paper presents a critical review of these texts and of the results of the use of the block in a busy obstetric unit.

Anesthesia, Caudal

A controlled oximetric evaluation of inhalational, opioid and epidural analgesia in labour.

The effects on patient oxygenation of nitrous oxide, narcotic and epidural analgesia in labour were evaluated using pulse oximetry. Five groups of ten patients received either no analgesia (Control, Group 1), an epidural block alone (Group 2), nitrous oxide in oxygen alone (Group 3), intramuscular pethidine (Group 4), or nitrous oxide in oxygen combined with intramuscular pethidine (Group 5). Derived parameters included the maximum (MAX), minimum (MIN), average maximum (AV MAX), and average minimum (AV MIN) arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), and differences between maxima and minima (MAX-MIN). There was a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 5 for MIN, AV MIN and MAX-MIN SaO2 (P less than 0.05). All other groups showed no significant difference in any parameter when compared with the control group. The results are discussed with reference to normal and disordered maternal physiological changes in pregnancy. It is suggested that nitrous oxide should not be used for analgesia in labour where there is concern about maternal, placental or foetal reserve.

Analgesia, Epidural

Dextrans.

Dextrans were first used in clinical practice in 1947. Raw dextran is produced by bacterial conversion of sucrose to a branched chain structure which is heterogeneous in composition. Further refinement is carried out by hydrolysis and fractionation. Clinically useful dextrans form only 1 percent of the total molecular spectrum of raw dextran. The two most frequently used dextrans are Dextran 40 and Dextran 70. These have molecular weights of 40,000 and 70,000 respectively. The use of average molecular weight to describe dextrans is generally unsatisfactory since an infinite variety of dextrans could meet a particular weight specification. Categorization of dextrans will be discussed in detail. Clinical uses include plasma expansion, antithrombogenesis and haemodilution. Major efforts to reduce the antigenically active components of clinically used dextrans have been made and manufacturers have identified the principal factors responsible for allergic responses. However, major allergic responses to dextran still cause clinicians great concern and the problem is by no means resolved.

Dextrans

Problems in general anaesthesia. Obstetrics.

An understanding of the physiological changes seen in late pregnancy, avoidance of the supine posture, together with routine administration of alkali during labour and a careful anaesthetic technique will enable the anaesthetist to avoid many of the potential problems of obstetric anaesthesia.

Anesthesia, General

Anaesthetic machine hazards.

The anaesthetist is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the machine used for a particular anaesthetic is in a safe condition before the procedure is commenced. He can only do this if he understands how the machine operates, and has established for himself a checking procedure which will uncover potentially lethal faults in the apparatus. The importance of a systematic and thorough check cannot be overemphasized. Continuing monitoring of the machine and the patient during the anaesthetic is mandatory.

Anesthesia, General

Organizing an educational exercise.

The satisfactory organization of an educational exercise is dependent on the organizer having a precise understanding of the needs of his students, their present level of knowledge and understanding, the motives which govern their will to learn, and on the organizer's ability to draw together people with intellectual resources capable of satisfying those needs of the students. Both students and tutors must be placed in an environment which encourages communication and interaction and adequate physical resources for teaching must be provided.

Anesthesiology

Teaching aids.

A teaching aid is exactly what it says it is--an aid to teaching. No matter how exciting the aid may be, its production is not an end in itself, merely a means to an end. Teaching aids are most effective and can be best justified when a need for them has been demonstrated and when they can be shown to clarify the teaching of points and problems which students have formerly found difficult to understand. The best teaching aids are the result of a combination of imagination and enthusiasm. Aids should always be evaluated to determine whether the costs of production are justified by an improvement in learning.

Anesthesiology